AP PSYCH UNIT 2.4 -2.8 QUIZ PREP

chunking

info organized in groups, categories or hierarchies to help reduce load of working memory

mnemonic device

memory trick that helps w remembering info to something familiar (ex.pattern, phrase, acronym)

Encoding

process of getting info in memory so it can be stored and retrieved later on

Distributed practice

spread out study sessions over time instead of cramming

Spacing effect

allows brain to truly encode and store info

serial position effect

remembering what is the start and end of something but not the middle

Semantic memory

explicit memories of facts and general

knowledge;

Episodic memory:

explicit memory of personally experienced events;

one of our two conscious memory systems

Hippocampus:

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps

process explicit (conscious) memories(facts)

Memory consolidation:

the neural storage of a long-term memory.

flashbulb memory

clear, sustained long-term

memory of an emotionally significant moment or

event.

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a cell’s

firing potential after brief, rapid

stimulation; a neural basis for

learning and memory

priming

the activation, often

unconsciously, of particular

associations in long-term implicit memory

perceptual set

a tendency to perceive or

notice some aspects of the

available sensory data and

ignore others

mood-congruent memory

the

tendency to recall

experiences that

are consistent with

one’s current

good or bad mood

State dependent memory

emotional or physical state you were in originally in order to trigger

the memories

Interleaving

a retrieval strategy that involves mixing the study of different topics

2 types of forgetting

anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

anterograde

inability to form new memories due to injury and illness

retrograde

inability to RETRIEVE info from one’s past due to injury and illness

forgetting

encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure

encoding failure

never notice things so we don’t remember them

storage decay

if info isn’t used/rehearsed you loose it

retrieval failure

important events defy attempts to access memories and info

factors in fluency retreval errors

proactive interference, retroactive interference

proactive

forward acting disruptive effect or order of learning on recall of new info ( old info making it hard to learn new)

retroactive

backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on recall of old info (new stuff making it hard to remember past learning)

misinformation effect

occurs when misleading info has distorted one’s memory of an effect

general intelligence

g) that lies at the heart of all of our intelligent behavior

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related variables

fluid intelligence (Gf)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving logic problems

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

our accumulated knowledge, as reflected in vocabulary and applied skills

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

the theory that our intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gfand Gc.

Howard Gardner

identified eight relatively independent intelligence

savant syndrome

who have an island of brilliance but often score low on intelligence tests and may have limited or no language ability

Sternberg’s triarchic theory

3 measures on intelligence; analytical, creative, and practical

analytical

intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer

creative

innovative smarts: the ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas.

practical

equired for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and may have multiple solutions

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

4 abilities that underlie emotional intelligence

Perceiving emotions,Understanding emotions, Managing emotions, Using emotions

intelligence test

assesses an individual’s mental aptitudes and compares them with those of other people, using numerical scores

Aptitude tests

measure the ability to learn

achievement tests

measure what has already been learned

normal (bell-shaped) curve

central average score, with fewer and fewer scores at the extremes

Seven clusters of primary mental abilities

Standardization

establishes a basis for meaningful score comparisons by giving a test to a representative sample

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results

Validity

extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

if it samples the pertinent behavior

construct validity

it measures a concept or trait

predictive validity

predicts the behavior it was designed to predict

musical

ability to procudce, understands pitch, tempo, and rhythm

visual-spatial 

ability to think in and visualize in images

Bodily kinesthetic

ability to control movements and halndle objects

interpersonal

ability to work well with and understand others socially and emotional

logical linguistic

ability to understand word meanings and sound

selective inattention

consciousness focuses on one thing at a time

inattentional blindness

At the level of conscious awareness, we are “blind” to all but a tiny sliver of visual stimuli

change blindness

person fails to notice significant changes in their visual environment, even when they are looking directly at it. 

Gestalt

thought that emphasizes the mind's tendency to perceive unified wholes or patterns rather than individual parts

figure-ground

brain distinguishes a distinct object from it’s background

grouping

process of organizing individual processes of patterns and elements

Depth percep&on

ability to see how far objects are from us and each other

Visual Cliff

research method used to study depth perception in infants and animals ( uses glass wall/table)

Binocular cue

require both eyes to perceive depth and distance

Convergence

visual axes of the eyes come together to focus on a specific point or object in the visual field

Retinal disparity

difference in the location of an object's image on each retina

Monocular cue

depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone

Storboscopic movements

continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples

Phi phenomenon

optical illusion in which stationary objects shown in rapid succession appear to be moving

Perceptual constancy

human visual system to perceive objects as having consistent properties

Color constancy

the ability of our visual system to perceive the consistent color of an object, despite changes in lighting

Perceptual adaptation

brain's ability to adjust and adapt to changes in sensory input over time

Cognition

mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and using information

Metacognition

thinking about how you think

Concept

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Prototype

mental image or best example of a category

Schema

mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

Assimilation

individuals incorporate new information into existing cognitive understanding

Accommodation

individuals adjust their existing schemas or create new ones in order to incorporate new information