Chapter 16: Centralization in the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires

History of the Modern World, 1500-Present

What was the Reconquista?

The Reconquista was a centuries-long process during which Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula (modern-day Spain and Portugal) gradually recaptured territories from the Muslim Moors.

Why did Prince Henry the Navigator sponsor voyages of exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored voyages to explore new trade routes, find wealth, and spread Christianity. His support led to significant advancements in navigation and cartography.

How did goods from Asia arrive in Europe before the age of exploration?

Goods from Asia reached Europe through two overland routes: the Silk Road (connecting Europe to China via Central Asia) and the Spice Route (connecting Europe to India and Southeast Asia).

What ended European access to these overland trade routes?

The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 disrupted European access to these routes, prompting explorers to seek alternative sea routes

Which empire did the Ottomans replace in 1453?

The Ottomans replaced the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) when they captured Constantinople.

What brought the Ottomans in closer contact with Europeans?

The Ottoman expansion into Europe brought them into direct contact with European states, leading to cultural exchange, trade, and conflict.

How did Europeans respond to the rise of the Ottomans?

Europeans responded with fear, curiosity, and military campaigns. Some saw the Ottomans as a threat, while others admired their achievements.

Why were the Ottomans arguably more successful at centralization than the Habsburgs?

The Ottomans had a strong centralized government, effective military organization, and religious unity. In contrast, the Habsburgs ruled over diverse territories with varying institutions and languages.

What were the consequences of the Battle of Chaldiran?

The Battle of Chaldiran (1514) resulted in Ottoman victory over the Safavid Empire. It solidified Ottoman control over Anatolia and influenced the region’s geopolitics.

Differences between Christian-Muslim competition (1300-1600) and the medieval Crusades?

Unlike the medieval Crusades, the later period (1300-1600) saw more complex interactions, including trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange alongside religious conflict.