Ch 12 mesh

Motivation

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal

instinct/evolutionary theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

instinct

a fixed pattern of behavior throughout a species that is unlearned

drive reduction theory

states that biological/physical drives make an aroused state and thus moves us to satisfy that drive

need

what produces a drive?

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment (our physiological goal)

pushes, pulls

a drive ________ us to act, an incentive _________

incentives

stimuli that motivate behavior (can be rewards or punishments)

arousal theory

states that when our basic needs are taken care of, we search for the ideal level of stimulation

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal, the relationship between stress and performance

Han Selye

General Adaptation Syndrome, stress guy

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

alarm part of GAS

fight or flight activated

heirarchy of needs

Maslow's concept that individual needs must be satisfied in this sequence; physiological, safety, love, and belongingness, esteem, and self actualization.

resistance part of GAS

body resists or relaxes

exhaustion part of GAS

body reserves depleted, if stress continues it could be bad for the body

kert lewin

approach/approach, approach/avoidance, approach/avoidance

approach/approach conflict

according to Lewin, the result of simultaneous attraction to two appealing possibilities, neither of which has any negative qualities

approach/avoidance conflict

according to lewin, the result of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal

avoidance/avoidance conflict

According to Lewin, the result of facing a choice between two undesirable possibilities, neither of which has any positive qualities

Abraham Maslow

said we are driven by needs, but not all needs are created equal. Hierarchy of needs, took an optimistic view of humanity, founder of humanistic psychology

Trancendence

when people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion in a way that is beyond the self.

A. L. washburn

He studied how we feel hunger. He swallowed a balloon, inflated it, and recorded whenever he felt hunger. His conclusion was that stomach contractions cause the feeling of hunger.

hypothalamus

what part of the brain controls hunger?

lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

ventromedial hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.

set point theory

belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point'- hypothalamus acts as a thermostat

basal metabolic rate

the rate that we burn energy when at rest

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Obestatin

Secreted by stomach; sends out "I'm full" signals to the brain.

PYY

digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

Leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves. have distorted image of themselves, always tend to feel fat despite being skinny

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging

culture cause of eating disorders

some cultures, like in africa, see bigger women as healthier women

gender cause of eating disorders

women are much more critical to their bodies than men

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar, lack of food

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

Testosterone

Male sex hormone

David McClelland

studied achievement motivation; found those with high levels are driven to master challenging tasks, stated that we had 3 fundamental psychological needs

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex

flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

the achievement goal

the desire to set challenging (but attainable) goals and to persist in trying to reach these goals despite obstacles, frustrations, and setbacks

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

need for affiliation

the desire to maintain social relationships, to be liked, and to join groups

need for power

the need to have control or influence over others

locus of control

A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life. (Carol Dweck)

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

intristic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

emotion

a state of feeling that involves a set of complex reactions to a stimulus involving subjective thoughts/feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

James-Lange theory of emotion (physiological)

experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (body first, then emotion)

Canon-Bard theory of emotion (physiological)

believed that emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger physiological responses and emotional responses (one doesnt cause the other)

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion (cognitive)

believed that in order to experience emotion the body must react and cognitively label the arousal

autonamic nervous system

fight or flight, controls physical arousal

sympathetic division

on switch for fight or flight

parasympathetic division

the off switch for after an intense moment

opponent process system

the parasympathetic division and sympathetic division working together in our body is a good example of this

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

spillover effect

when one's emotions affect the way one perceives others events

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

facial feedback hypothesis (izard)

the resulting feeling after making an emotional facial expression

Carroll Izard

Identified 10 basic emotions and argued that all other emotions are a mixture of the 10 basic emotions.

arousal

intensity of emotion

Valence

how pleasant the emotion is

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

relative deprivation concept

we become disappointed because we think others are doing better than us

Catharsis

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

well-being

a positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction

adaptation level

level of a stimulus to which a consumer has become accustomed

relative deprivation

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Philip Bard

A very prominent American psychologist who developed an alternative arousal theory with Cannon bard, known as the Cannon-Bard theory

Paul Ekman

emotion; found that facial expressions are universal

Carl Lange

Danish physiologist who proposed a theory of emotion similar to, and about the same time as James' theory that awareness of physiological responses leads to experiences of emotion.

Stanley Schachter

Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect