ARC 1013 - Briar Jones/MSST - Test 2, Architecture Appreciation Test 2

"Dead" Load

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, etc)

"Live" Load

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

Compression

capacity to resist being pushed together

Tension

capacity to resist being pulled apart

Post & Beam/Lintel

1. wood beam, steel cupping post

2. steel beam, welded steel post

3. 2 steel beams welded together

Frame

wood

steel (tall buildings; light weights; thin walls; take veneers of brick, stone, stucco, etc)

Masonry

brick

concrete

stone (heavy, thick walls, costly (today), good insulation)

Freedom Tower

David Childs, FAIA (SOM), & Lubscilm

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some Megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

circle of stones

Trabeation

post & lintel

Stonehenge

most famous Neolithic monument

built 3000 BC - 2100 BC

tops of stones/columns - mortise and tenon

3 Types of Pyramids

1. step - Saqqara: Doser's Step Pyramid

2. bent - Sneferu's South Pyramid; Dahshur, Egypt

3. straight - Cheops' Pyramid; Giza, Egypt

Ziggurat

stepped structure (mud brick)

some of oldest pyramids (2125 BC)

7 Wonders of the Ancient World

1. Great Pyramid

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon

3. Temple of Artemis @ Ephesus (Fire)

4. Statue of Zeus (Fire)

5. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Earthquake)

6. Lighthouse of Alexandria (Earthquake)

7. Colossus of Rhodes (Earthquake)

First Recorded Architect

Imhotep

- born a commoner

- b/t 2700-2600 BC Zoser hired Imhotep to design his tomb

- "translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, & reeds into stone

- also an astronomer, magician, & doctor

- later worshiped as a god

Pyramids of Giza - 2550 BC

Cheops - "Great Pyramid"

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

first tomb built into mountain; help stop looters

Hypostyle Halls

large space w/ flat roof supported by rows of columns (ex: Temple of Luxor & Temple of Amun @ Karnak)

When was the Egyptian revival?

mid 19th century

Pyramids in Central America

used as temples

ziggurats

often added onto over time (new temple over old)

Minoans in the Aegean

Palace @ Knossos

Mycenae

Lion Gate, precursor to Greek Arch (forerunner to post & lintel)

sense of structure was inheritance from Neolithic Period

lion element from Egypt

Greek will refine post & lintel

Greek Architecture

united by language

founded on: private property, individual freedom (less than 35% weren't slaves), democracy

Colonnade

series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature & usually 1 side of a roof structure

Why were temples built?

housed gods

impress non-Greeks (vivid color, floral design)

3 Orders

1. Doric - oldest, simplest, most massive

2. Ionic - "feminine", Ionian Islands developed it

3. Corinthian - variation of Ionic

Metope

any of the panels, either decorated or plain, b/t the triglyph on a Doric frieze

Triglyph

1 of the vertical blocks separating the metopes on a Doric frieze

Doric Order

columns placed close, no base

plain capitals

metopes & triglyph

perfection of Doric - Parthenon

Ionic Order

smaller buildings & interiors

recognizable by capital

perfection of Ionic - Temple of Athena Nike

Corinthian Order

different capital from Ionic (leaves)

found on interiors

Entasis

slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

The Acropolis - Athens, Greece; 448-432 BC

Agora - open meeting place or market

Erechtheion (421-407 BC)

Caryatids - sculpted female figure used as a column

Atlas - sculpted male figure used as a column

Tuscan Order

unlike Doric, supports an entablature w/ no decoration (wooden temple w/ pitched roof)

Composite Order

Ionic and Corinthian; roman innovation

Greeks v. Romans

G: objects in landscape (balance harmony refinement of form, not structure), post and beam

R: made space (images in context), the arch, vault, dome, concrete

Barrel Vault

extending an arch along its depth

Groin vault

2 intersecting barrel vaults in 4 directions, used in huge interiors (gyms and baths)

Pont Du Gard

Nimes, France (20-16 BC)

Maison Carree

Nimes, France (10 ACE)

Concrete

volcanic ash, lime ash, sand, water, and gravel

Coliseum in Rome

completed around 80 ACE, seats 50k, orders differ by levels

Pilaster

column in wall

Circus Maximus

seated 250k; precursor to NASCAR

Pantheon (125 CE)

double pediment, oculus, built under Hadrian (117-138 ACE)

Pediment

triangle shape over colonnade

Portico

a colonnade space forming an entrance or vestibule

Constantine I (306-337 ACE)

Edict of Milan (313) - proclaimed tolerance of all religions which gave Christians authority to build churches

Early Christian Churches

Basilica Plan

Pendentives

curved triangular panels which hold the load of a dome

Hagia Sophia

built by Justine

Byzantium

new Roman capital

changed to Constantinople (Constantine I)

now Istanbul, Turkey

St. Miniato al Monte

Florence, Italy (1062-90)

Pisa Cathedral & Campanile

Pisa, Italy 1063, 1089-1272

Gothic Architecture

structure is also ornament (like Greeks)

not thick walls; use buttresses @ 90 degree to take collected pressures of ribbed vault and arch

Ribbed Groin Vault

groin vault + pointed arch

Pointed Arch

signals gothic architecture/style

Buttresses & Pinnacles

How does English gothic architecture differ from French gothic architecture?

English is more rectangular (churches)

Notre Dame de Paris (1163-1250)

Chartres Cathedral (1130-1260)

Apse

semi circular projection, containing an altar

Transept

2 arms in a "Latin cross" plan

Nave

space beyond transept crossing toward west/"front" of church

Choir

where monks sit

Structural Failure of Twin Towers

1. The Planes crashes into the buildings, damaging or destroying many outer columns. Some interior columns are also damaged, but the building still stands

2. Fire erupts instantly and is spread by jet fuel down the core

3. Temperature reach as high as 1600 F, weakening steel columns until they can no longer support the building weight. Interior columns essentially melt and collapse, buckling the exterior columns.

4. Added weight of each collapsed floor causes a pancaking effect- called progressive collapse- and the building came down.

Freedom Tower

memorial for twin towers

What are dead loads on a building?

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, builtins, etc)

What are live loads on a building?

forces from all the "moveable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

Where would be somewhere that has a great amount of live loads?

the library

What is the force of Compression?

the capacity to resist being pushed together

What is the force of Tension?

the capacity to resist pulling apart

What is post and beam trabeated?

What are Frame Structures?

trabeated; wood or steel, lightweight, thin walls, tall buildings

What are Masonry structures?

arcaded; brick or concrete or stone, heavy, thick walls, costly, good insolation

What are things that are not used to make enclosures, but to mark location from great distances?

Menhirs, Dolmen, Henges, and cromlech

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

circle of stones

Dolmen Examples

several upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab

Stonehenge

most famous Neolithic monuments; built 3000-2100 B.C.

Trabeation

post and beam structure

Remarkable joinery

mortise and tenon

The tree types of pyramids

Step Pyramid

Bent Pyramid

Straight-sided Pyramid

Step Pyramid

Saqqara: Doser's step pyramid

Bent Pyramid

Sneferu's South Pyramid, Dahshur, Egypt

Straight Sided Pyramid

Cheop's Pyramid, Giza, Egypt

Ziggurats

stepped pyramids

Some of the oldest pyramids; 2125 BC

Built from mud bricks

What are the seven wonders of the ancient world?

Great Pyramids of Giza

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Statue of Zeus

Colossus of Rhodes

Lighthouse of Alexandria

First Recorded Architect

Imhotep

What does Imhotep mean?

the one who comes in peace

Who was Imhotep?

-born a commoner

-between 2,700 and 2,600 Zoser hired Imhotep to design and build his tomb

-He "translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds

-Imhotep was also an astronomer, magician, and doctor

-He was later worshiped by the Egyptians as a god

What were pyramids?

tombs for pharaohs (kings) that were built on West Bank of the Nile River

What were pyramids covered in?

covered in reflective limestone- quarried/east bank

What is found at the top of pyramids?

gold veneer

What did the people of Egypt think about the King?

thought the king would walk on sun rays to eternity. If the king lives forever, the people do too