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ad hominem
A fallacy in which someone attacks his or her opponent personally instead of criticizing the opponent's argument or position.
adage
A brief statement of principle or truth; also called aphorism or maxim.
adjective
A word that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
advanced search
A type of Internet search that lets you determine very specific search guidelines.
adverb
A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; many adverbs end in -ly.
aesthetic impact
The emotional or sensory effect of a work.
alliteration
The use of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words that are close together.
allusion
An implied or indirect reference to something historical, literary, religious, mythical, or popular, such as a well-known story or a famous person.
American Dream
A social ideal that stresses the opportunities to achieve freedom, success, and happiness in the United States.
analogy
An attempt to establish a logical connection or similarity between two ideas or concepts.
anaphora
An example of parallelism in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of consecutive phrases or clauses.
anastrophe
A listing of sentence elements without conjunctions.
anecdote
A very brief story that relates to a specific topic.
anthropomorphism
Attributing human characteristics or behaviors to something nonhuman.
antithesis
An obvious contrast of ideas, generally balanced or parallel with regard to grammar.
aphorism
A brief statement of principle or truth; also called adage or maxim.
apology
A defense or justification of a stance or position.
apostrophe
A literary device in which a (usually absent) person or entity is directly addressed.
asyndeton
A listing of sentence elements without conjunctions.
atmosphere
In literature, the feeling evoked by a work, especially in relation to its setting.
audience appeals
Methods of persuading an audience through emotion, logic, or ethics.
author's purpose
The reason the author wrote or is writing about a topic.
autobiography
A literary work in which a person relates the story of his or her own life.
bar graph
A graph that uses bars to show numbers or amounts.
bias
A preference that often detracts from a person's ability to be objective.
bildungsroman
A coming-of-age novel.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, which protect the rights of citizens and states.
body paragraph
A section of an essay in which the topics are presented and supported.
Boolean
Relating to a type of search developed by George Boole that allows users to combine key words with AND, OR, IF THEN, EXCEPT, and NOT to locate more precise results.
canon
In literature, a set of writings widely recognized as quality literature.
caricature
A description of a person that exaggerates the qualities of a person that produces a bizarre or absurd effect.
catalog
A list of people, things, events, objects, or some other item.
circular reasoning
A logical fallacy, or misconception, in which the reason and the conclusion are essentially the same.
claim
An argument or point that has not yet been proved.
clause
A group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
colloquial
Demonstrating elements of conversational or informal speech.
commentary
A discussion of the purpose or significance of a text; also called analysis.
complex sentence
A sentence in which there is at least one independent and one dependent clause.
compound sentence
A sentence made up of two independent clauses joined together.
compound-complex sentence
A sentence made up of at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause.
conclusion paragraph
The final paragraph in an essay in which the writer sums up his or her argument.
conjunction
A word used to join sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.
connotation
Everything a word suggests or implies; the feeling a word gives you.
context
The part of a text that surrounds a word or passage and helps to determine its meaning.
coordinating conjunction
A conjunction that connects grammatically equal elements (such as words or clauses). The most common coordinating conjunctions are and, or, and but.
counterclaim
A claim that is in opposition to another claim.
dash
A punctuation mark (—) that indicates a sharp break in the flow of thought from the rest of the sentence.
deductive reasoning
A method of thought or argument that starts with a general idea and then uses specific examples or known facts to support that idea.
denotation
The most direct or literal meaning of a word; a word's definition.
dependent clause
Part of a sentence that is a fragment when standing alone. It is also known as a subordinate clause.
dialect
A way of speaking that is particular to a specific place. Its words, the way those words are said, and/or the spelling of those words are slightly different from those used by other people who speak the same language.
dialogue
Conversation between two or more characters in a literary text.
diction
The word choice and purposeful arrangement of words that affect meaning in speech or writing.
dictionary
An alphabetical listing of words along with information about each word, such as its definition and pronunciation.
didactic
Intended to teach a lesson or convey instruction.
direct quote
Restating someone else's words exactly as they appeared in the original source. Direct quotes should be indicated by quotation marks.
disillusionment
A loss of faith or trust in a belief or an ideal.
dissent
An explanation of why certain judges disagree with the majority opinion.
elegiac
A type of poetry that expresses sorrow.
enunciation
Pronouncing words clearly.
epigraph
In literature, a quotation, phrase, or other short work set at the beginning of a longer work.
epistrophe
The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses; the opposite of anaphora.
epithet
An adjective or description, often with a negative connotation, that characterizes a person or thing.
ethos
The character and credibility of the writer in the eyes of the reader.
etymology
The origin and history of a word.
eulogy
A piece of writing that honors someone who has just died.
evidence
Information that helps to support a claim, thesis, or main idea.
eye rhyme
Words that are spelled similarly but do not rhyme.
false analogy
A logical fallacy in which an argument is based on an incorrect comparison.
figurative language
A nonliteral use of language to suggest a specific feeling or meaning.
figure of speech
A statement that is not meant to be taken literally.
first person
A point of view in which the narrator is inside the story and is telling it from his or her perspective.
formal tone
Language written or spoken in a manner that respects accepted rules and uses proper vocabulary and grammar.
glossary
A list of specialized terms and their meanings.
Gothic
A literary style involving elements of horror, suspense, and the supernatural, often set among medieval ruins, haunted castles, or dark forests.
Harlem Renaissance
A term that describes the increase of African American art, literature, and music in the 1920s and 1930s.
hasty generalization
A logical fallacy in which a conclusion is drawn based on insufficient evidence.
homophone
A word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning.
hook
In an essay, the sentence that gets the reader's attention.
hyperbole
A type of figurative language that uses an extreme exaggeration to make a point.
hyphen
A punctuation mark ( - ) used to connect two parts of a compound word or the parts of a word divided for any purpose.
idiom
An expression, figure of speech, or specialized vocabulary particular to a language, region, or group.
imagery
Any description that appeals to the senses.
independent clause
Part of a sentence that has a subject and a verb and forms a complete sentence by itself.
inductive reasoning
A method of thought or argument that starts from a specific idea or fact to reach a more general conclusion.
inference
A conclusion based on observations, evidence, or reasoning.
introduction paragraph
The first paragraph in an essay; it almost always includes the main idea, claim, or thesis statement.
irony
A contradiction between what is expected and what actually happens.
jargon
Specialized and often highly technical language.
juxtaposition
The placement of two ideas in close proximity to create contrast.
literary nonfiction
Writing that uses narrative techniques to convey factual information.
logical fallacy
A mistake in reasoning that makes an argument less effective.
logos
The presentation of facts and statistics.
majority opinion
An explanation of the reasoning behind a court decision.
maxim
A brief statement of principle or truth; also called aphorism or adage.
media
Means of mass communication in both print and nonprint forms; the singular form is medium.
metaphor
A type of figurative language in which one thing is said to be another thing.
meter
In poetry, a pattern of stressed and unstressed sounds.
metonymy
A literary device in which an idea or concept is substituted for a closely related word or concept.
Modernism
An artistic and literary movement characterized by innovation and a break with tradition.
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