Revolutions and Industrialization: 1750-1900 Overview

Revolution

A fundamental change in political power.

Scientific Revolution

Emergence of modern science in 15-1600s.

Heliocentrism

Sun-centered model of the solar system.

Isaac Newton

Formulated laws of motion and gravity.

William Harvey

Discovered blood circulation in the body.

Empiricism

Knowledge through evidence and experimentation.

Rene Descartes

Philosopher known for rational thinking.

Social Contract

Agreement where government derives power from consent.

Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers in government.

Voltaire

Advocated for freedom of expression.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Introduced concept of popular sovereignty.

Diderot

Compiled Enlightenment thought in the Encyclopedie.

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British rule (1775-1783).

Nationalism

Strong identification with one's nation.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed humans are naturally individualistic.

John Locke

Argued for natural rights to life, liberty, property.

Candide

Voltaire's work on optimism and critique of society.

The Spirit of Laws

Montesquieu's work on government structure.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

Declaration of Independence

Document asserting American colonies' freedom.

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers promoting reason in society.

French Assistance

Support provided by France to American revolutionaries.

Constitution

Established a democratic republic in 1789.

Federalism

System of shared power between government levels.

Separation of powers

Political doctrine by Montesquieu for government structure.

Consent of the governed

Legitimacy derived from the people's approval.

Three Estates

Social hierarchy in pre-revolutionary France.

Ancien Regime

Absolute monarchy system in France before revolution.

Louis XIV

French king (1643-1715) who centralized power.

3rd Estate

Commoners facing heavy financial burdens in France.

Estates General

Assembly representing France's three estates.

National Assembly

Formed by 3rd Estate to challenge monarchy.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document asserting individual rights during French Revolution.

Constitutional Monarchy

Government with a monarch's powers limited by law.

Bastille Prison

Symbol of tyranny stormed during the revolution.

Committee of Public Safety

Governing body during the Reign of Terror.

Directory

Government following the Committee of Public Safety.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Declared himself emperor of France in 1804.

Napoleonic Code

Legal framework established by Napoleon.

Haitian Revolution

Slave uprising inspired by French Revolution ideals.

Toussaint L'Overture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution for independence.

Mexican War for Independence

Started in 1811, led by Miguel Hidalgo.

Simon Bolivar

Key figure in Latin American independence movements.

Nationalism

Creating a state from shared societal identities.

Industrial Revolution

Significant transformation in production and society.

Great Britain

Origin of the Industrial Revolution due to resources.

Resource advantages

Natural resources aiding industrial growth in Britain.

Political advantages

Legal frameworks and colonies supporting industrialization.

Economic advantages

Capital and labor dynamics favoring machine investment.

Industrial Revolution

Period of major industrial growth beginning in Britain.

Steam Engine

Power source surpassing wind and water for machines.

James Watt

Improved steam engine efficiency in 1782.

Textile Manufacturing

Industry focused on fabric production and innovation.

Flying Shuttle

1733 invention enhancing weaving speed.

Spinning Jenny

1764 machine increasing yarn production efficiency.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cotton processing.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized components allowing mass production.

Cromford Mill

First water-powered cotton mill in Derbyshire.

Slater Mill

First American factory, established by Samuel Slater.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Russia's major infrastructure project for industrialization.

Meiji Restoration

Japan's rapid industrialization and modernization post-1868.

First Industrial Revolution

Focused on steam power and textiles.

Second Industrial Revolution

Characterized by oil, steel, and electricity innovations.

Bessemer Process

1853 method for mass-producing steel efficiently.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman modernization efforts in the 1820s-70s.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing dynasty's failed attempt to modernize.

Mercantilism

Economic theory evolving into capitalism during this era.

Transnational Companies

Businesses operating across national borders in capitalism.

Laissez-Faire

Minimal government intervention in economic affairs.

Supply and Demand

Economic model determining prices based on availability.

Thomas Malthus

Proposed population growth leads to inevitable poverty.

Iron Law of Wages

Wages will only cover workers' survival needs.

Free-Market Capitalism

Economic system with minimal government regulation.

State Capitalism

Government directs industrial priorities with private contracts.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class controlling capital and production means.

Proletariat

Working class providing labor in capitalist systems.

Socialism

Community-managed means of production for collective benefit.

Communism

Class struggle leads to a classless society.

Trade Unions

Workers unite for better wages and conditions.

Child Labor

Employment of children in unsafe working environments.

Urbanization

Population shift from rural to urban areas.

Tenements

Overcrowded urban housing with poor living conditions.

Public Education

Mandatory schooling for children in industrial societies.

Leisure Time

Free time for recreation and sports activities.

Public Transit

Transportation systems for city inhabitants.

Industrial Slums

Poor urban areas with inadequate sanitation and housing.

Cholera

Infectious disease prevalent in unsanitary conditions.

Anarchism

Political philosophy rejecting all forms of government.

Utopias

Ideal communities aimed at social reform.

Population Growth

Increase in population numbers over time.

Abolition of Slavery

Ending slavery in various nations between 1794-1888.

Declaration of Sentiments

1848 document advocating for women's suffrage.

Cult of Domesticity

19th-century ideology emphasizing women's roles at home.

Separation of Church and State

Distinction between religious institutions and government.

Charles Darwin

Naturalist known for theory of evolution.

On the Origin of Species

Darwin's 1859 work on natural selection.

The Descent of Man

Darwin's 1871 exploration of human evolution.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories to social issues.

Germ Theory

Scientific theory linking germs to disease.

Islamic Fundamentalism

Strict interpretation of Islam in response to modernity.