Revolutions and Industrialization: 1750-1900 Overview

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/159

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

160 Terms

1
New cards

Revolution

A fundamental change in political power.

2
New cards

Scientific Revolution

Emergence of modern science in 15-1600s.

3
New cards

Heliocentrism

Sun-centered model of the solar system.

4
New cards

Isaac Newton

Formulated laws of motion and gravity.

5
New cards

William Harvey

Discovered blood circulation in the body.

6
New cards

Empiricism

Knowledge through evidence and experimentation.

7
New cards

Rene Descartes

Philosopher known for rational thinking.

8
New cards

Social Contract

Agreement where government derives power from consent.

9
New cards

Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers in government.

10
New cards

Voltaire

Advocated for freedom of expression.

11
New cards

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Introduced concept of popular sovereignty.

12
New cards

Diderot

Compiled Enlightenment thought in the Encyclopedie.

13
New cards

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British rule (1775-1783).

14
New cards

Nationalism

Strong identification with one's nation.

15
New cards

Thomas Hobbes

Believed humans are naturally individualistic.

16
New cards

John Locke

Argued for natural rights to life, liberty, property.

17
New cards

Candide

Voltaire's work on optimism and critique of society.

18
New cards

The Spirit of Laws

Montesquieu's work on government structure.

19
New cards

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

20
New cards

Declaration of Independence

Document asserting American colonies' freedom.

21
New cards

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers promoting reason in society.

22
New cards

French Assistance

Support provided by France to American revolutionaries.

23
New cards

Constitution

Established a democratic republic in 1789.

24
New cards

Federalism

System of shared power between government levels.

25
New cards

Separation of powers

Political doctrine by Montesquieu for government structure.

26
New cards

Consent of the governed

Legitimacy derived from the people's approval.

27
New cards

Three Estates

Social hierarchy in pre-revolutionary France.

28
New cards

Ancien Regime

Absolute monarchy system in France before revolution.

29
New cards

Louis XIV

French king (1643-1715) who centralized power.

30
New cards

3rd Estate

Commoners facing heavy financial burdens in France.

31
New cards

Estates General

Assembly representing France's three estates.

32
New cards

National Assembly

Formed by 3rd Estate to challenge monarchy.

33
New cards

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document asserting individual rights during French Revolution.

34
New cards

Constitutional Monarchy

Government with a monarch's powers limited by law.

35
New cards

Bastille Prison

Symbol of tyranny stormed during the revolution.

36
New cards

Committee of Public Safety

Governing body during the Reign of Terror.

37
New cards

Directory

Government following the Committee of Public Safety.

38
New cards

Napoleon Bonaparte

Declared himself emperor of France in 1804.

39
New cards

Napoleonic Code

Legal framework established by Napoleon.

40
New cards

Haitian Revolution

Slave uprising inspired by French Revolution ideals.

41
New cards

Toussaint L'Overture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution for independence.

42
New cards

Mexican War for Independence

Started in 1811, led by Miguel Hidalgo.

43
New cards

Simon Bolivar

Key figure in Latin American independence movements.

44
New cards

Nationalism

Creating a state from shared societal identities.

45
New cards

Industrial Revolution

Significant transformation in production and society.

46
New cards

Great Britain

Origin of the Industrial Revolution due to resources.

47
New cards

Resource advantages

Natural resources aiding industrial growth in Britain.

48
New cards

Political advantages

Legal frameworks and colonies supporting industrialization.

49
New cards

Economic advantages

Capital and labor dynamics favoring machine investment.

50
New cards

Industrial Revolution

Period of major industrial growth beginning in Britain.

51
New cards

Steam Engine

Power source surpassing wind and water for machines.

52
New cards

James Watt

Improved steam engine efficiency in 1782.

53
New cards

Textile Manufacturing

Industry focused on fabric production and innovation.

54
New cards

Flying Shuttle

1733 invention enhancing weaving speed.

55
New cards

Spinning Jenny

1764 machine increasing yarn production efficiency.

56
New cards

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's 1793 invention for cotton processing.

57
New cards

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized components allowing mass production.

58
New cards

Cromford Mill

First water-powered cotton mill in Derbyshire.

59
New cards

Slater Mill

First American factory, established by Samuel Slater.

60
New cards

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Russia's major infrastructure project for industrialization.

61
New cards

Meiji Restoration

Japan's rapid industrialization and modernization post-1868.

62
New cards

First Industrial Revolution

Focused on steam power and textiles.

63
New cards

Second Industrial Revolution

Characterized by oil, steel, and electricity innovations.

64
New cards

Bessemer Process

1853 method for mass-producing steel efficiently.

65
New cards

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman modernization efforts in the 1820s-70s.

66
New cards

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing dynasty's failed attempt to modernize.

67
New cards

Mercantilism

Economic theory evolving into capitalism during this era.

68
New cards

Transnational Companies

Businesses operating across national borders in capitalism.

69
New cards

Laissez-Faire

Minimal government intervention in economic affairs.

70
New cards

Supply and Demand

Economic model determining prices based on availability.

71
New cards

Thomas Malthus

Proposed population growth leads to inevitable poverty.

72
New cards

Iron Law of Wages

Wages will only cover workers' survival needs.

73
New cards

Free-Market Capitalism

Economic system with minimal government regulation.

74
New cards

State Capitalism

Government directs industrial priorities with private contracts.

75
New cards

Bourgeoisie

Middle class controlling capital and production means.

76
New cards

Proletariat

Working class providing labor in capitalist systems.

77
New cards

Socialism

Community-managed means of production for collective benefit.

78
New cards

Communism

Class struggle leads to a classless society.

79
New cards

Trade Unions

Workers unite for better wages and conditions.

80
New cards

Child Labor

Employment of children in unsafe working environments.

81
New cards

Urbanization

Population shift from rural to urban areas.

82
New cards

Tenements

Overcrowded urban housing with poor living conditions.

83
New cards

Public Education

Mandatory schooling for children in industrial societies.

84
New cards

Leisure Time

Free time for recreation and sports activities.

85
New cards

Public Transit

Transportation systems for city inhabitants.

86
New cards

Industrial Slums

Poor urban areas with inadequate sanitation and housing.

87
New cards

Cholera

Infectious disease prevalent in unsanitary conditions.

88
New cards

Anarchism

Political philosophy rejecting all forms of government.

89
New cards

Utopias

Ideal communities aimed at social reform.

90
New cards

Population Growth

Increase in population numbers over time.

91
New cards

Abolition of Slavery

Ending slavery in various nations between 1794-1888.

92
New cards

Declaration of Sentiments

1848 document advocating for women's suffrage.

93
New cards

Cult of Domesticity

19th-century ideology emphasizing women's roles at home.

94
New cards

Separation of Church and State

Distinction between religious institutions and government.

95
New cards

Charles Darwin

Naturalist known for theory of evolution.

96
New cards

On the Origin of Species

Darwin's 1859 work on natural selection.

97
New cards

The Descent of Man

Darwin's 1871 exploration of human evolution.

98
New cards

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theories to social issues.

99
New cards

Germ Theory

Scientific theory linking germs to disease.

100
New cards

Islamic Fundamentalism

Strict interpretation of Islam in response to modernity.