AP EURO UNIT 6: 1600s SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Scientific Revolution

Seventeenth-century explosion of scientific research and discovery questioning medieval beliefs.

Geocentric Conception

Earth-centered model of the universe with planets and sun revolving around it.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer proposing the Heliocentric model with the sun at the center, wrote PRONH CIPCIA MATHEMATICA.

Heliocentric Conception

Model placing the sun at the center of the universe, contradicting the Geocentric model.

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who disagreed with both Geocentric and Heliocentric models, charted over 500 stars.

Johannes Kepler

Danish astronomer who developed the three laws of planetary motion, assistant of Brahe, wrote ASTRONOMIA NOVA.

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer who used a telescope to observe celestial bodies, confirming the Heliocentric model, discovered Jupiter’s four moons, named a heretic and put on house arrest.

Isaac Newton

English scientist who discovered gravity and formulated the laws of motion.

World Machine

Newton's concept describing the universe as a mechanical system governed by natural laws.

Paracelsus

Physician advancing medicine during the Scientific Revolution, proposing a new chemical philosophy.

Macrocosm-microcosm analogy

Belief of universal chemical reactions mirrored in humans on a smaller scale

Andreas Vesalius

Physician who made breakthroughs in anatomy, disproving some of Galen's claims

On the Fabric of the Human Body

Vesalius' book detailing human body dissections with illustrations

William Harvey

English physician who researched blood circulation, starting in the heart

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

Harvey's work on blood circulation, observing organs' functions

Margaret Cavendish

Scientist critical of human control over nature, excluded from Royal Society

Maria Merian

Entomologist who detailed insect life cycles in Surinam

Maria Winkelmann

Astronomer who made discoveries but was excluded due to gender

Querelles des femmes

Debates on women's societal roles and intelligence during the Scientific Revolution

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes' belief in the separation of mind and body for investigation

Rationalism

Descartes' approach to viewing the world with reason and logic

Scientific Method

Bacon's structured approach to scientific research starting from specifics

Francis Bacon

English scientist who created the Scientific Method for practical research

Rene Descartes

French philosopher known for rationalism and Cartesian Dualism

Benedict de Spinoza

Jewish philosopher who believed in pantheism, bridging science and religion

Blaise Pascal

French scientist and mathematician aiming to unite science and religion

Galen

Early greek physician, influenced by philosophy rather that science, his incorrectness causes European medicine to be wrong, believed that human beings only remain healthy by balancing things within, must remove something to balance out, balance of four “humors” bile, blood, phlegm, pus, black bile