AP European History - Renaissance and Exploration Unit One Terms and People

100 years war

England vs. France; France won; Joan of Arc unified France and won it for them

Aristocracy

the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.

Astrolabe

instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

Avignon Papacy

the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spaniard who fought for Native American rights.

Boccaccio - The Decameron

Who: Giovanni Boccaccio, Pertatch's student and friend

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When: 1313-1375

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What: He wrote the Decameron,( 100 bawdy tales told in various voices) and assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology. He also wrote the Black Death Primary Source

Boccaccio

Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society.

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Botticelli

Italian Renaissance painter who painted members of the Medici family and religious figures. His most famous work, the birth of venus.

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Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper-class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

Catholic Church

The branch of Christianity established in 1054 and establishes itself in Western Europe. Noted for its separation from the political sphere, celibacy in its clergy, and instance of the bishop of Rome, or pope, as its ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

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Charles V (HRE)

King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor who began the Hapsburg dynasty; created a bureaucracy in Spain; abdicated all of his thrones in 1556 possibly because he was unable to preserve the Church against Luther; wanted to preserve unity of Catholic faiths; never attained his goal

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Charles VII of France

New monarch. He successfully concluded the 100-year war and strengthened royal finances through taxes such as the taille (on land) and the gabelle (on salt), which were the main sources of royal income for the next 3 centuries. He created the first permanent royal army.

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Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

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Classical World

name for Ancient Rome and Greece

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Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

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Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

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Commercialization of Agriculture

Large landowners (nobility), recognizing that the increasing wealth and availability of a money economy, realized they could make money by selling products grown on their fields rather than simply renting their lands to subsistence farmers (peasants). These powerful groups restricted use of the village common by peasant using the enclosure movement - practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings.

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Compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it

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Cortes

The Spanish conqueror of Mexico, defeating the Aztecs

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Craft Guild

an association of workers of the same trade for mutual benefit.

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Double-entry bookkeeping

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a system of recording and classifying business transactions that maintains the balance of the accounting equation

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Ecclesiastical

having to do with the church or the clergy/heaven

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Elizabeth I of England

She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England.

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Enclosure Movement

practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings

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Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Flagellants

People who whipped themselves to cleanse their sin--they thought Plague was God's punishment for sins.

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Francis I of France

supported the Renaissance movement, 1st the Renaissance king of France, controlled large parts of the French Church, and prevented the Reformation movement of France

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Ghiberti

A Florentine sculptor who designed the bronze doors for the Baptistry in Florence after winning a contest in 1401.

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Giotto

An artist who led the way in realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

one of the most famous pieces of writing of the Renaissance called The Oration on the Dignity of Man. He combined the works of many philosophers that were all part of God's revelation to humanity. He believed in unlimited human potential.

Great Chain of Being

European idea that every species was a link on a chain extending from the lowest forms to humans and on to spiritual beings. All links and been designed at the same time during creation and would never change. Once all the links were discovered and described, the meaning of life would be revealed.

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Hans Holbein

A northern Renaissance artist, who was known for his portraits. He painted Erasmus, Henry VIII, and Edward VI among others.

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Henry VII of England (1485-1509)

Started the Church of England to get a divorce. He became the head of the church

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII ruled England from 1509-1547 and remains one of the country's most famous and controversial kings. Henry's hearty appetites and fickle passions are legendary, and his demand for a male heir led him to marry six different women. (Two of those wives, Anne Boleyn and Katharine Howard, were executed on his order.) Henry's divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led the king to split with the Catholic Church and found his own church, the Church of England, which in turn set the stage for the English Reformation and for religious battles which lasted for centuries.

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Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements rather than religious achievements

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. separating oneself from others in terms of ideas and creations, people became less absorbed in the religious hierarchy and more curious about the capabilities of man.

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Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus.

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Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

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Landed Gentry

"gentlemen" in the early sense who owned extensive land in the form of estates; their sole job was to manage the land and support their family

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Lanteen Rig

rigged with a triangular (lateen) sail.

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Lorenzo de Medici

A leader of Florence, he used his power and wealth to become a great patron of the arts (helping to grow the Renaissance).

Louis XI of France (1461-1483)

The English Empire in France ended when the English were slowly forced out of France during the Hundred Years' War

Burgundy, a duchy in France, had maintained its independence throughout the medieval period but with the death of Charles the Bold in 1477, Burgundy was divided by French king Louis XI and Emperor Maximilian I.

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ended his reign as king with nearly double the land holdings he inherited

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Established a national postal system, expanded the trade industry, and developed a lucrative silk industry

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Magellan

was the leader/captain of the first people to circumnavigate the world, led the Spanish expedition to the Philippines

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Mediterranean Trade

allowed Roman empire to trade with many different places thus increasing the economy

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Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

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Merchants

a person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries or supplying merchandise to a particular trade.

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Michelangelo - (1475-1564)

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

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New Monarchs

The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government in his book the prince

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Nobles

A member of a ruling family or one of high rank.

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Nuclear Family

Mother, father, Brother, Sister living as a unit

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Oral Culture

a culture in which information is transmitted more by speech than by writing

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Papal

Of or relating to the Pope or Papacy or Roman Catholic Church

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Patronage

the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that princes, popes, and other wealthy and influential people have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.

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Peasant Revolts

revolts by peasants in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, often caused by social and economic conditions (not successful)

Petrarch

the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

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Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life

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Pizzaro

From Spain, led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.

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Plague (Black Death)

Started in 1347. It was an epidemic that was started by rats infected by the disease. Fleas would bite the rat, and then bite people, and so the disease was spread.

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Politically Centralized

both executive and legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it being more distributed at various lower level governments.

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Politically Decentralized

the process of shifting control from one main group to several smaller ones.

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Pope Alexander VI

A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church. This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America. a member of the Borgia family that was known for his sensuality. He encouraged his son Cesare to carve out a central Italian territory out of the Papal States, creaing a scandal.

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Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

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Portolani

\- charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries

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quadrant

a measuring instrument for measuring altitude of heavenly bodies.

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Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

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Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

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Renaissance Art

art which shows figures both religious or non-religious, more realistic, emphasize on nature, three dimensional with perspective, people are active and show great emotion

Salvonarola

citizens turn to _____ instead of the medici family

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Secular

non-religious, related to concerns of the world

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Slave Trade

The European trade agreement with Africa deals with slaves brought from Africa. An integral part of the Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe

Sovereignty

A principle of international relations that holds the final authority over social, economic, and political matters; the right of a government to have complete control over its area

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Sternpost Rudder

A rudder is used to steer a ship.

• Europeans began to use the sternpost rudder in the 1100s C.E.

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• This technology played a key role in European exploration.

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Subsistence Farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced (not sold to others)

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The British East India Company

initially created in 1600 to serve as a trading body for English merchants, specifically to participate in the East Indian spice trade. It later added such items as cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, tea, and opium to its wares and also participated in the slave trade.

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The Dutch East India Company

a trading company established by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia; was a company whose main purpose was trade, exploration, and colonization

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Theology

the study of religion

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

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Trans-Atlantic Trade

the trading of African people to the colonies of the New World in and around the Atlantic ocean

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

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Triangle Trade

the trading system between the Americas, England, and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back

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Unam Sanctum

Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation; requiring the complete submission of all people, including kings, to the authority and dictates of the pope

Vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.