RUSH Final Exam (5/16)

Presidential/Moderate Reconstruction vs. Congressional/Radical Reconstruction

Moderate - Lenience to S whites, Oath of Loyalty (10% of S pop. had to pledge loyalty), defer conversation on AA rights until after reunification, led by Lincoln + Andrew Johnson

Radical - Disenfranchise S whites, punish confederate leaders, protect AA Civil Rights, voting, redistribute wealth/land "40 acres + a mule", led by Thaddeus Stevens + Charles Sumner

Black Codes

Enacted in S to cont. to impose soc., pol. + econ. control of black pops.
- Forbid black ppl. from serving in juries, militias, etc., vagrancy laws (criminalized black ppl. out of work/not working a recognized job), AA had to carry documents proving employment, convict-Lease \= forced labor
Essentially slave labor was reinstated (still around today)

13th Amendment

No slavery (cases of crime were exceptions)

14th Amendment

Anyone born in the US/immigrants who naturalize has rights

15th Amendment

Right to vote (not including women)

Freedmen's Bureau

Gov. operated agency that goes to S states to aid freemen + women
- Reunite families, provide shelter, food + necessities, help obtain property + provide edu.

Sharecropping System

Sys. where landowners subdivided plantations to rent out to freedmen
- Tenant farmers paid a share of the crop as rent

"Redeemers"

Supported by big businesses + white supremacy ideology + farmers retain power in S

Crop Lien

Credit system where merchants provided sharecroppers w/ supplies on credit, in exchange for their lien (farmers crop yield)

Compromise of 1877

Ended reconstruction
Reps. promise to:
- Remove military from S, appoint Dem. to the cabinet (David Key postmaster general), Fed. money for railroad construction, levees on the Mississippi River

George Washington Carver

AA farmer + food scientist
His research improved farming in the S by developing new products using peanuts

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896 - Supreme Court case upheld Jim Crow laws - "separate but equal"

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks + voting rights (segregation)
- Literacy tests, grandfather clauses, poll taxes

Literacy Tests, Poll Taxes, Grandfather Clauses

Literacy tests - extremely difficult + confusing tests that made it neat impossible for AAs to vote

Poll taxes - a tax you had to pay in order to vote

Grandfather clauses - denied voter registration to people who were illiterate/couldn't own property/couldn't pass a test on citizenship obligations; their grandfathers had to have served in the Confederate Army for them to vote

Booker T. Washington

Econ. self-reliance
Supported black businesses
Industrial + agricultural edu.
Pol. + civil rights can wait
Tuskegee Normal + Industrial Institute

W.E.B. DuBois

Critical of older Booker T. Washington for being moderate + helping white people
Civil + pol. rights; equality can't be ignored
University edu. for AAs ("talented tenth")

Ida B. Wells

Investigative journalist, feminist, + anti-lynching activist in Memphis
Published evidence of white people lying about lynching reasoning (SA of white women)

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 - prevented Chinese immigration, naturalization + labor

Homestead Act of 1862

Male citizens can claim 160 acres to "improve land" for 5 years → deed to land
- Lands reshaped w/ farming technologies

Sitting Bull + Crazy Horse

Part of the Battle of Little Bighorn (June 26, 1875)
Two leaders who led Lakota Sioux + Cheyenne tribes to defeat the US army
- "Custer's Last Stand"

Wounded Knee Massacre

Ghost Dance Movement \= spiritual practice that promoted the restoration of native lands → Dec 29, 1890, US army massacred 300 Lakota Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, SD

Dawes Act

1887 - law to "civilize" Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into plots; Those who accepted this division → US citizens (Remaining land sold)

Gilded Age (Ideologies)

Self-Made Man - New American Dream, rags → riches, Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

Social Darwinism

Nativism - E Coast \= Anti S+E EUs (Italian, Polish, Russian, Greek, Slavic) + MEs, W Coast - Anti-Chinese, LAs

Laissez Faire Capitalism
Adam Smith \= theorized econ. works best w/o gov. regulation (NO labor unions)
Free Market Capitalism
"Gospel of Wealth"

Gilded Age (Culture)

New vs. Old Money - Higher wealthy classes
- Old: family wealth, new: new riding industrialists
Culture of displaying wealth ostentatiously

The Middle Class - Rising wages → disposable income → Leisure and consumerism
The Social Gospel
Temperance Societies

Gilded Age Economy
Captains of Industry \= inventive, hard-working + American businessmen

Robber Baron \= uses ethically questionable methods to remove competition + creates a monopoly in their industry
Trusts \= monopolies by large co. exercising exclusive control over specific products/industries of a single entity

Horizontal & Vertical Integration

Gilded Age (Labor)

Organized Labor
- Labor Unions \= protect and represent workers
Strikes, picketing, boycott
- American Federation of Labor \= largest labor union in US by 20th c.

Struggles of Organized Labor
- Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Haymarket Bombing, Homestead Strike, Pullman Strike

Gilded Age (Politics)

Pol. Participation
The golden age of pol. participation (80%)
Dem. + Reps. \= no gov. regulations of businesses or labor
- Promotes econ. development \= ✓, regulates industry \= X

Patronage Sys. (Spoils Sys. Cont.)
"Party bosses" provide pol. offices + privileges in exchange for votes + support
- Corruption +nexperienced pol.

The Political Machine
Urban pol. org. to keep a particular party/"boss" in office through patronage
- Tammany Hall

Gilded Age (Fixing)

Civil Service Reform
- President James A. Garfield (Rep.) assassinated by office-seeker \= danger of spoils sys.
- 1883: Con. pass Pendleton Civil Service Act requires civil examination + ends spoil sys.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Populist Party

Omaha Platform (1892)
Populist goals \= direct election of US senators (17th amendment), graduated income tax, monetize silver, public ownership of railroads (increase access ability), gov. loans to help farmers, an 8-hour workday, immigration control

Panic of 1893
Cause \= Over speculation on railroads → unemployment + bankruptcies
Results \= Unemployment matches, fears of class war

Election of 1896 \= possible end of Gilded Age

(Dem/Populists) William Jennings Bryan - seen as radical, neglecting urban workers, Dem. split
(Rep.) William McKinley - supported by big businesses → win, Rep. dominance begins

Thomas Edison

American inventor
- Electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, motion pictures

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Famous during the Gilded Age for transportation
United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad + shipping businesses (1794-1877)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist + philanthropist during the Gilded Age who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892
1901 - his company dominated the American steel industry

John D. Rockefeller

Famous during the Gilded Age for oil.
American industrialist + philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry + defined the structure of modern philanthropy

Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration

Both methods were used by corps.

Vertical - Could end all other producers of things, eliminate competition

Horizontal - combining all producers to control a more significant percentage of the industry

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

(Fr. "Leave it")
Adam Smith \= theorized econ. works best w/o gov. regulation (NO labor unions)
Free Market Capitalism
- Individuals are "free" to succeed/fail, competition \= good

Social Darwinism

Justification of status quo used against immigrants + AAs
- Poor \= unfit to be successful, wealthy \= fit for success (stronger, talented)

Gospel of Wealth

Protestant Work Ethic + Philanthropy + Paternalism
The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; was promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, schools, peace initiatives + the arts

Haymarket Bombing

1886 massacre at labor demonstration in Chicago → anti-union sentiments

American Federation of Labor

Largest labor union in US by 20th c., founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

Homestead Strike

1892 - Walkout by Carnegie steel workers (Pittsburgh) → 16 workers killed

Jane Addams

Chicago reformer + activist, founder of Hull House

Social Gospel

Soc. + Religious movements aimed at fixing soc. problems
- Targets alcoholism

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Formed in 1873 to create a "sober and pure world"
Has implications for labor practices

Boss + Machine Politics (Tammany Hall)

Urban pol. org. to keep a particular party/"boss" in office through patronage
- NY's most infamous pol. machine (Dem.) known for corruption, bribery, + election fraud (led by Boss William Tweed)

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 - preserves free market competition, gov. makes trusts illegal but lang. \= too vague

"The Money Question"

The late-nineteenth-century national debate over the nature of U.S. currency; supporters of a fixed gold standard were generally money lenders + preferred to keep the value of money high, while supporters of silver (and gold) coinage were debtors, they owed money, so they wanted to keep the value of money low by increasing the currency supply (inflation)

Farmer's Cooperatives + Alliances

19th century org. of farmers attempts to join together to improve their econ. situation

Populist Party

Corruption, monopolies, tariffs, money question + agricultural problems → "People's Party" by farmers
- Ignored by mainstream parties (Dem. Rep.), rising costs of shipping + new machines, falling prices of wheat + cotton

William Jennings Bryan

Seen as radical
Neglecting urban workers
Dem. split

Spanish-American War

April-August 1898
Cuba + Philippines
Cuba fighting Spain to win independence
But the US has businesses w/ Cuba (sugar)
Naval war

Cause \#1 - Jingoism \= extreme protective nationalism enforced through proactive aggressive foreign policy
- Sugar $$$, Monroe Doctrine, belief the US should be a world power

Cause \#2 - Yellow journalism \= sensationalist reporting of scandals + disasters
- Spanish "Atrocities" in Cuba + Philippines (motivation \= humanitarian)
- Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana, Cuba (motivation \= revenge) [the US doesn't like its people being killed by foreigners, seen as an act of war]

Results:
- The US becomes a world power
- Cuban independence BUT Platt Amendment \= US keeps military bases + can intervene in Cuban affairs
- The US gets Territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Hawaii [annexed])

Philippine-American War

After the Sp-Am war, the Philippines becomes a US territory
Philippines declare independence from Spain → US sees it as an insurrection
Defeat + annexation of the Philippines

Open Door Policy

Called for "equal privileges/protect the rights" for all countries trading with China.
Increased foreign influence + more trade with China + helped to expand influence all through the E

"Big Stick" Policy

President Roosevelt's approach to dealing with Latin American nations was based on a W African proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

Goals:
- force diplomatic pressures
- occasional U.S. troop landings were needed to preserve American strategic interests
Peaceful negotiations were accomplished but did not take away their strength + assertion; they had legitimate threats of force

Moral Diplomacy

Defined + set foreign policy in terms of ideals, morality + the spread of dem. abroad rather than simply focusing on econ. interests
Promotes the growth of the nation's ideals + damages nations with different ideologies
Increased the U.S.'s direct military action in many countries + greatly impacted the econ. by manipulating situations in countries that were not dem./those that held what Wilson viewed as morally corrupt values
Shifted foreign policies to be 'moral values' rather than purely imperialist interests

Progressives/Progressivism

Movements demanding soc., pol., + econ. change
- Middle class

Soc.:
- Poverty, alcoholism, immigration

Pol.:
- Women's suffrage, corruption

Econ.:
- Business regulations, workers' rights + safety

Muckrakers

Journalists, writers, + photographers who exposed urban corruption, industrial abuse, + dangerous conditions in soc.

Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"

Novel published in 1906 that portrayed the filthy conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry + led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act

Ida Tarbell

Investigative journalist; wrote History of The Standard Oil Co

Prohibition

1920-1933: Temperance movement → \___________ \= ban on the production, importation, + distribution of alcohol
Results in bootlegging + organized crime (people made homemade alcohol + secretly sold it in "pharmacies")

19th Amendment

Ratified by Congress in August 1920
Nov. 2, 1920 - 8+ mil. (white) women voted in US elections for the first time

Teddy Roosevelt's "Trust-Busting" + "Square Deal"

Antitrust lawsuits
Deal that preserved natural resources, control of corps., consumer protection

World War One (WWI)

Long-Term Causes of WWI \= Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, alliances

Immediate Cause of WWI
Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian Nationalist

US Neutrality vs. Moral Diplomacy
- US imperialism → foreign involvement, Woodrow Wilson calls for Moral Diplomacy, decides to remain neutral + calls for isolationism as WWI breaks out in the EU

Aiding the Allies
- The US claimed neutrality BUT ↴
- Americans are selling war supplies + giving loans to Brit. + France, angering Germany

Lusitania

Germany used "unrestricted submarine warfare"
May 7, 1915 - Brit. liner Lusitania sunk by German U-boats
- 1,193/1,1960 (~61%) passengers killed (including Americans)
Violation of rules of war

Zimmerman Telegram

Intercepted message sent to Mexico in Jan. 1917 by the German Foreign Office pledging to give the land back to Mexico if they attacked the US

Espionage + Sedition Acts

1917 - 20 years in prison for inciting rebellion/opposing the draft
1918 - ban any "disloyal"/"abusive" remarks about the US gov.

Wilson's 14 Points

Part of negotiating peace through the Treaty of Versailles
"Self-determination"
League of Nations - inter. peace alliance
EU wants revenge + reparations
- Germany punished + forced to pay, new nations

Tulsa Massacre

May 31 - June 1, 1921 - white mob attacked residents, homes + businesses in the black neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma (resulting in 39 deaths)

Scopes Trial

1925 - high school teacher, Thomas Scopes, arrested in TN for teaching evolution
Accused of violating Butler Act
- Prohibits the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals"
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) gains renown for case

First Red Scare

Early 1920s - Americans were fearful of a communist take over + immigrants
- Many bombings, KKK resurfaced, Palmer Raids sought suspects

Quota Laws

1920s - restrict \# of immigrants from "undesirable" countries w/ "radicals" (SE Eu. + Asia)

Harlem Renaissance

1920s new cultural revolution
Rise of AA neighborhoods in N+W
- Housing covenants \= keep AAs from moving to white streets
- Race riots

Great Depression

Short-term Causes
- Oct. 29: "Black Tuesday" \= NY stock market crashed, an unprecedented volume of stock sales, ppl. begin panic selling stocks

Long-term Causes (Economy) - Over speculation in the sm \= ppl. invest in co.s (all your eggs in one basket), buying on margin \= paying for part of stock + borrowing monkey to buy rest, international depression

Long-term causes (Politics) - Laissez Faire gov. regulations, no safety nets (soc. security, unemployment, pensions, etc.), high tariffs

Effects - $30 bil. in paper money gone, 25% unemployment, 20% of banks closed; poverty, homelessness, foreclosures → Hoovervilles

President Hoover's Response - urged voluntary action + restraint:
- Companies do not cut wages, unions not to strike, private charity

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) \= highest tariff on imports to protect American industries → Eu. retaliates
Bonus March (1932) \= WWI veterans march to DC to demand promised bonuses (Hoover uses violence)

Dust Bowl

Natural Causes - Drought in Great Plains, dust storms, Boll Weevil Pest

Commercial Causes - WWI shut down Russian wheat production, + agricultural competition w/ Eu. markets

Effects - Migration from Great Plains to W, Dorothea Lange's photographs record the suffering of the Dust Bowl

New Deal

FDR's Coalition - Support of Dem. FDR
- (White) S, MW farmers, White ethnic groups in cities (Eu. immigrants), AA in N, liberals favored gov. Activism, safety net, but opposed more radical reforms

First "100 days" - Congress approves all FDR's proposals
Fireside chats, bank holidays, "Alphabet Agencies"
The "3 Rs" (Relief for the unemployed, Recovery for businesses, Reform for econ. institutions)

Redlining

Black veterans were often denied benefits
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries

New Deal Coalition of Voters (for Dem. Party)

Solid S, white ethnic groups in cities, MW farmers, labor unions, AAs in N cities

Neutrality Acts

1935-1937 - laws to keep the US out of EU wars

"Cash + Carry"

Nations to pay cash + transport goods from the US

Lend-Lease Act

US offer supplies to any nations that are "vital to the US"

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941 - Naval base, Hawaii attacked by Japan
"A date that will live in infamy"
Dec. 8, 1941 - US declares war

Internment of Japanese Americans

Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the US of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories
Became a rallying symbol for women to do their part

Zoot Suit Riots Against Braceros

June 3-8, 1943 \= attacks on MA youth in LA for "wasteful" fashion + unpatriotic

"Double V" Campaign

Victory over fascism abroad + Victory over racism at home

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

Led the Allied invasion of N African and planned and executed the D-Day invasion at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - allied soldiers (US, UK, France, Canada) land in Normandy

Pacific "Island Hopping" Campaign

Gen. Douglas MacArthur developed the idea
Iwo Jima \= 750 miles from Japan
Okinawa \= is 400 miles from Japan

General Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima + Nagasaki

After many years of battles, and the surrenders of Germany and Italy, Japan was still fighting
U.S. decided to drop their newly developed atomic bomb on Hiroshima killing thousands
After Japan didn't surrender, the U.S. dropped another one a few days after on Nagasaki also killing thousands

GI Bill

$ for college, homes, and businesses for WWII veterans
- Stimulated econ.
- Black veterans were often denied benefits (red lining, segregation)

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity
Allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility

Cold War

1946-1991 - A state of hostility between Dem. + Communist nations
- Threats, espionage, propaganda, alliances, + proxy (indirect) wars
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) + Potsdam Conference (July-Aug. 1945) - UK, US, USSR decide Germany will be divided into 4 zones
The UN (1945) - International org. to maintain inter. peace + protect human rights
Iron Curtain \= metaphor of E/W division
- USSR has buffer/puppet Satellite States

US
Capitalist
Dem.
Stabilize EU markets
Germany to be reunited

USSR
Communist
Totalitarian
Own econ. in E EU
Keep Germany divided

Econ. + pol. influence
Both have nuclear weapons (USSR by 1949) → Arms Race

Containment

American foreign policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Marshall Plan

$12 bil. in food + aid to help rebuild post-WWII W EU

Berlin Airlift

US Response - food/supplies to Berlin for 11 months

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO (1949) - Organization by US, CA, W EU to stop USSR

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated

Emmett Till

1955 - 14 yo Chicago boy was brutally murdered in MS accused of harassing a white woman
- All-white jury found murderers "not guilty"

Rosa Parks

1955 - US civil rights leader who refused to move to the segregated part of a bus in Montgomery, AL
- Triggered the national civil rights movement (1913)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 - after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. MLK led a boycott of city busses
After 11 months the SC ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister, civil rights leader, president of SCLC, noted orator
- Opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance + peaceful mass demonstrations
Assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success