Biology 2 - Unit 2 - VOCAB

Mutagen

things that cause errors in DNA; UV radiation, chemicals, viruses, reaction oxygen species (ROS)

Transition mutation

a nucleotide mutation that turns a purine into another purine or a pyrimidine into another pyrimidine

Transversion

a nucleotide mutation that turns a purine into a pyrimidine or the other way around

Double mutation

2 mutations occurring near each other

Reversion mutation

a mutation that reverts a mutation to being unmutated, undoes a mutation

Chromosomal inversion

a piece of a chromosome flips

Chromosomal translocation

a piece of a chromosome joins a different chromosome

Chromosomal deletion

a piece of a chromosome is deleted

Chromosomal insertion

an extra piece of a chromosome is inserted

De Novo mutation

a mutation that is not previously in a genome

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA)

a way to look at protein sequences by looking at residues or amino acids, comparing different species, a way to look at evolution

Silent mutation

a mutation with no phenotypic effect

Loss of function mutation

 a mutation that causes a protein to lose its function

Gain of function mutation

a mutation that causes something new to happen, a new function, or overproduction

Hot spots

 locations with many mutations

mutations

All errors in DNA are ________

About __ _______________bases are incorrectly added by DNA polymerase

1 in every 100,000

DNA polymerase has an ___________ ability to remove incorrect nucleotides

exonuclease

DNA acts as its own _________

repair manual

________________ incorrectly added bases aren’t fixed

1 in 10,000

Mismatch repair enzymes (MMR)

goes back through replicated DNA to find and fix mistakes

MMR has an ___________ function

endonuclease

Mismatch pairs create __________ in DNA that are seen by repair enzymes

bumps

____________ fills holes made by the MMR

DNA polymerase

__________ seals the gaps made from base removal and repair

Ligase

Excision repair

repair completed by endonucleases to fix damage from mutagens, also involves DNA polymerase and ligase

Transcription and translation are specially separated by _____________

organelles

RNA is ____________

single-stranded

Pre-mRNA ___________ before leaving the nucleus

matures

Translation begins in the ____________

cytoplasm

Proteins go through _____________________________ before they are complete and ready for function

post-translational modification

Translation has 3 main steps ________________________________

initiation, elongation, and termination

The ribosome is the location of ________________________

all modifications in translation

Amino acids

protein building blocks, 20 of them, 21 in eukaryotic organisms

Transcriptome

all the mRNA in a cell or organism at a certain time

Proteogenic

the amino acids that are directly coded from the codon table

RNA polymerase is recruited to a ______________ to transcribe a specific gene or dsDNA

particular gene

Promoter

in every organism, specific dsDNA sequences, non mRNA coding, that indicate the beginning of genes

Transcription factors

proteins that bind to both RNA polymerase and DNA to help the RNA polymerase bind

RNA polymerase has a _____________ function in translation

helicase

RNA polymerase ______________ the double helix in translation

unwinds

Synthesis always occurs ___________

5’ to 3’

The transcript

the newly made mRNA

DNA template

the DNA strand that is read and built from, read 3’ to 5’

Coding/ complementary strand

the strand that is the same as mRNA with Ts instead of Us

DNA takes __________ to rewind

no energy

5’ and 3’ UTR

the untranslated region, the DNA between the transcription start site and the start codon

Termination site

where transcription stops

Termination complex

a location on mRNA that ends translation

Release factors

bind to the stop codon and remove everything from the mRNA

Genetic code

the informational key by which a sequence of nucleotides corresponding to a gene is translated into the sequence of amino acids composing the protein expressed by that gene

Codon

a group of 3 nucleotides which specify a particular amino acid

Genetic code is redundant meaning ________________________________________________

more codons than there are amino acids

Genetic code is universal and ______________________

identical across multiple species

3 primary end modifications include _____________________________________________

pre-mRNA capping, splicing, and pre-mRNA tailing

The GTP cap can be added after the mRNA ______________________________________________

exits the RNA polymerase

Splicing can begin as the ______________________________

1st exon moves through the RNA polymerase

Pre-mRNA tailing can be added _____________________________________________

after the last exon leaves the RNA polymerase

GTP cap

a protective sequence that is added 5’ to 5’ to the mRNA

The GTP cap protects mature mRNA from being degenerated by ____________________

nucleases

Ribosomes _______________ to the GTP cap

locate and bind

Proteins that ______________________ bind to the GTP cap

assist or disable translation

LARP

a protein that binds to the GTP cap assisting or disabling translation

Poly-adenyline (A) tail

a sequence of AAUAAA added to the end of a eukaryotic mRNA, contributes to the protection and stability of mRNA

The poly-adenyline tail is added to the ______________ eukaryotic mRNA

3’ end of

Poly-adenyline binding proteins

bind to the poly-A tail which can stimulate translation

Intron

non-coding regions of mRNA

Exon

the coding part of mRNA, end up spliced together

Mature mRNA has _________________________________

UTRs, a start codon, exons, and a stop codon

Not mature mRNA has _______________________

a promoter, introns, and a terminator

Splice sites

boundaries between introns and exons where introns are removed and exons are spliced together

____________ cut introns out of mRNA

Endonucleases

RNA splicing

the removal of introns from pre-mRNA resulting in much smaller mature mRNA

Splicing uses a _________________

looping process

Alternative splicing

the mix and matching of exons during splicing, can create multiple different mRNAs

Isoforms

different proteins made from 1 gene, made by alternative splicing

Small nuclear ribonucleic proteins (snRNPs)

proteins that form loops in introns and splice exons

snRNPs are small _________ proteins

ribonucleic

snRNPs have ______________ to the splice site

RNA complementary

Ribozymes

RNA with catalytic ability

Ribosomes are comprised of a _________________

small and a large subunit

Ribosomes are mostly made up of ___________

RNA

Initiation complex

where the small ribosomal subunit binds, the large subunit binds opposite completing the complex

A ribosome has 3 sites that are _____________

E, P, and A

The large subunit has ______________

catalytic RNA

The mRNA enters the ribosome __________

A site

The mRNA leaves the ribosome ____________

E site

Polysome

multiple ribosomes bound to one mRNA

Shine Dalgarno sequence

a ribosomal binding site in prokaryotes, helps the ribosome stabilize on the mRNA

The Shine Dalgarno sequence is located _______________________

upstream of the start codon

Every Eukaryotic cell has _________________

every gene

Genome

all of the DNA in a cell or organism

Proteome

all the proteins in a cell or organism at a certain time

Gene expression

which cells turn on transcription and how much

Gene regulation

the process of determining the amount and timing of RNA production and transcription

Regulation

a dynamic process of modulating production, modification, and targeting of RNA and proteins

Transcriptional regulation

the dynamic start and stop of transcription

Protein regulation

modification of post-translational modifications, like protein folding

Leaky expression

low level or rare expression of a not-needed gene

Housekeeping genes

genes that are usually on, have high-affinity promoters, do not need activators