med micro final review

What is hemolysis?

The rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

What are coliforms?

Lactose positive intestinal bacteria such as Escherichia coli.

What disease is the result of a sequence change of proteins in a human?

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

In which order do you clean the microscope lenses?

Ocular lenses, scanning, low power, high power, oil immersion

A visible mass of growth of many cells of a single type of bacteria on solid media is a ____.

Bacteria colony

Who is the father of microbiology?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

What 2 genera of bacteria are stained with an acid-fast stain?

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

How should you carry a microscope?

With both hands, one under the base and one on the arm

What temperature(s) do mesophiles best grow at?

Between 20 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius

Crystal violet

primary stain

Gram iodine

mordant

Ethyl alcohol

decolorizer

Safranin

counterstain

Organisms that are human pathogens, based on body temperature, are called _____.

mesophiles

Staphylococcus aureus is able to grow on human skin because it is a _____.

Halophile

The acid-fast stain is used to stain _____,

Bacteria with waxy walls

What is the monomer of nucleic acids called?

Nucleotide

What are the organisms that require oxygen as their final electron acceptor of electron transport chains called?

Obligate aerobes

What piece of equipment used to grow bacteria at human body temperature ?

Incubator

What is the first step in identifying any bacteria?

Gram stain

What is the purpose of fixation?

To adhere the specimen to the glass so it doesn't easily wash off during staining

Before discarding a urine culture, what is the minimum length of time it must be checked for growth?

48 hours

What is NOT a sterile culture source?

Stool/fecal

Who is credited with developing the procedure used to initially classify bacteria?

Hans Christian Gram

Classification

assigning organisms to taxa based on similarities

Nomenclature

rules of naming organisms

Identification

determining that an isolated individual or population belongs to a particular taxon.

What is a heterotroph?

An organism that gets its energy from other substances or organisms

What is the ultimate outcome of metabolic activity?

Reproduction

Which of the following can best be described as the definition of a zoonotic disease?

A disease that can be transferred between an animal and humans.

Who is credited with developing our current system of taxonomy?

Carolus Linnaeus

What temperature does the incubator need be at in order to grow human bacteria?

35℃

What is the purpose of a bacti-incerator?

To sterilize the inoculating loop prior to streaking a platelet

What color do each of the following stain?

Gram-positive bacteria - purple, Gram-negative bacteria - pink

Which of the following is an example of a sterile culture source? (Urine, Stool, Sputum, or Throat swabs?)

Urine

Serology is the study of what?

Antigen-antibody reactions

Alpha hemolysis

partial digestion of RBCs

Beta hemolysis

complete digestion of RBCs

Gamma hemolysis

no digestion of RBCs

What is a streak plate?

agar plate used for the isolation of bacteria.

What do some bacteria form to survive harsh conditions?

Spores

Why do Gram-Positive bacteria stain purple and Gram-Negative bacteria stain pink?

The thick layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive cell walls retains more of the crystal-violet dye making the Gram-Positive bacteria appear purple.

What type of bond gives DNA its "double helix" structure?

Hydrogen bond

What nitrogenous base is found only in RNA?

Uracil

What is Taxonomy?

The science of classifying and naming organisms

If we had a culture with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, what would we call this?

Mixed culture

4X

scanning objective

10X

low power objective

40X

high power objective

100X

oil immersion objective

When performing a lab using liquids and bacteria, what PPE should be used?

goggles, gloves, apron

Which is not one of the 3 domains of microorganisms identified by Woese and Fox?

Viruses

Which organisms grow at temperatures higher than 45 degrees celsius?

Thermophiles

A stain using two or more dyes, such as a Gram stain, to distinguish between different cells or structures would be a _____.

Differential stain

What are organisms that require oxygen as their final electron acceptor?

Obligate aerobes

What bonds hold proteins together?

Polypeptide Bonds

What has happened to chocolate agar to make it look like chocolate?

The blood cells are destroyed (lysed)

Which of the following colors is considered pigmented in terms of microbial colony morphology on agar?

Purple

What is the nosepiece of a microscope?

Holds the scanning, low power and high power and oil immersion objective lenses; allows the lenses to be rotated for viewing

What macromolecules have names that end with the suffix "ose"?

Carbohydrates

The acid-fast stain is used to stain _____,

Bacteria with waxy walls

About how many times should you go back into the previous quadrant when streaking for isolation on an agar plate?

1-2x

What are antibodies?

Immune system proteins that bind very specifically to target antigens

What determines the function of a protein?

The specific structure of the protein

Why are anaerobes susceptible to oxygen?

They lack superoxide dismutase

What is another name for the high-energy bonds where more energy is released?

Phosphate bonds

What level of oxygen level is required for microaerophiles?

2-10%

MacConkey

non-fastidious Gram-negative rods

Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salts-sucrose (TCBS)

Vibrio species

Mannitol Salt agar (MSA)

Staphylococcus species

Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE)

Legionella species.

Which of these is liquid media? (Plates, Slants, or Broth?)

Broth

When identifying distinctive characteristics of a bacterial colony which of the following is NOT used? (Color, Smell, Shape, or Texture?)

Smell

What is the magnification of ocular lenses on the microscopes used in class?

10X

What are the 2 primary elements that make up the 4 major organic molecules?

Carbon, Hydrogen

What 2 vitamins are used to protect aerobic organisms?

Vitamin C and E

Viruses which infect bacteria and can be used to help indentify bacteria are called _____..

Bacteriophages

A thin film of microbes or specimens on a slide is a/n _____?

Smear

What are purine bases?

adenine and guanine

What color are mannitol fermenters on Mannitol Salt?

Yellow

What is the term for the moment when a pathogen passes from members of one species, as host, into members of another species?

Spillover

What are organisms that acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic compounds?

Chemotrophs

What is the purpose of Sterols?

Keep the membrane fluid and flexible

What are the Gram stain results for Streptococci?

Gram Positive Cocci in Chains

What is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring?

Species

What are 3 examples of simple stains?

Crystal violet, Safranin, and Methylene blue

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Do NOT use aerobic metabolism, but tolerate oxygen by having enzymes to break it down (detoxify it)

Facultative anaerobes

aerobic organisms that can continue to grow without oxygen, although their metabolic efficiency (ability to reproduce) is reduced

Microaerophiles

require oxygen levels of 2% to 10%

Obligate aerobes

organisms that require oxygen as their final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

Obligate anaerobes

organisms that are poisoned (killed) by oxygen

If Candida albicans is the only organism growing on an agar plate, this would be described as a(n) _____.

Pure culture

True / False - Immersion oil should be used with a high power (40X) lens only.

False

When using a dichotomous key, what should be used first?

Gram stain

Which paper is used to clean the microscope lens?

Lens paper

In terms of pH concentration, most human pathogens are?

Neutrophiles

What is the fermenter appearance of MacConkey agar?

red to hot pink

What is an agar plate?

A Petri dish that contains a growth medium solidified with agar, used to culture microorganisms.

The most commonly used element in cells is?

Hydrogen

Approximately how long should the inoculating loop be inside the bacti-incinerator to sterilize it?

2-4 seconds