med micro final review

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120 Terms

1
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What is hemolysis?
The rupture or destruction of red blood cells.
2
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What are coliforms?
Lactose positive intestinal bacteria such as Escherichia coli.
3
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What disease is the result of a sequence change of proteins in a human?
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
4
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In which order do you clean the microscope lenses?
Ocular lenses, scanning, low power, high power, oil immersion
5
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A visible mass of growth of many cells of a single type of bacteria on solid media is a ____.
Bacteria colony
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Who is the father of microbiology?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
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What 2 genera of bacteria are stained with an acid-fast stain?
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
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How should you carry a microscope?
With both hands, one under the base and one on the arm
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What temperature(s) do mesophiles best grow at?
Between 20 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius
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Crystal violet
primary stain
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Gram iodine
mordant
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Ethyl alcohol
decolorizer
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Safranin
counterstain
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Organisms that are human pathogens, based on body temperature, are called _____.
mesophiles
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Staphylococcus aureus is able to grow on human skin because it is a _____.
Halophile
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The acid-fast stain is used to stain _____,
Bacteria with waxy walls
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What is the monomer of nucleic acids called?
Nucleotide
18
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What are the organisms that require oxygen as their final electron acceptor of electron transport chains called?
Obligate aerobes
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What piece of equipment used to grow bacteria at human body temperature ?
Incubator
20
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What is the first step in identifying any bacteria?
Gram stain
21
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What is the purpose of fixation?
To adhere the specimen to the glass so it doesn't easily wash off during staining
22
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Before discarding a urine culture, what is the minimum length of time it must be checked for growth?
48 hours
23
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What is NOT a sterile culture source?
Stool/fecal
24
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Who is credited with developing the procedure used to initially classify bacteria?
Hans Christian Gram
25
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Classification
assigning organisms to taxa based on similarities
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Nomenclature
rules of naming organisms
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Identification
determining that an isolated individual or population belongs to a particular taxon.
28
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What is a heterotroph?
An organism that gets its energy from other substances or organisms
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What is the ultimate outcome of metabolic activity?
Reproduction
30
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Which of the following can best be described as the definition of a zoonotic disease?
A disease that can be transferred between an animal and humans.
31
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Who is credited with developing our current system of taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
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What temperature does the incubator need be at in order to grow human bacteria?
35℃
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What is the purpose of a bacti-incerator?
To sterilize the inoculating loop prior to streaking a platelet
34
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What color do each of the following stain?
Gram-positive bacteria - purple, Gram-negative bacteria - pink
35
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Which of the following is an example of a sterile culture source? (Urine, Stool, Sputum, or Throat swabs?)
Urine
36
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Serology is the study of what?
Antigen-antibody reactions
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Alpha hemolysis
partial digestion of RBCs
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Beta hemolysis
complete digestion of RBCs
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Gamma hemolysis
no digestion of RBCs
40
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What is a streak plate?
agar plate used for the isolation of bacteria.
41
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What do some bacteria form to survive harsh conditions?
Spores
42
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Why do Gram-Positive bacteria stain purple and Gram-Negative bacteria stain pink?
The thick layer of peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive cell walls retains more of the crystal-violet dye making the Gram-Positive bacteria appear purple.
43
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What type of bond gives DNA its "double helix" structure?
Hydrogen bond
44
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What nitrogenous base is found only in RNA?
Uracil
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What is Taxonomy?
The science of classifying and naming organisms
46
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If we had a culture with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, what would we call this?
Mixed culture
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4X
scanning objective
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10X
low power objective
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40X
high power objective
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100X
oil immersion objective
51
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When performing a lab using liquids and bacteria, what PPE should be used?
goggles, gloves, apron
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Which is not one of the 3 domains of microorganisms identified by Woese and Fox?
Viruses
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Which organisms grow at temperatures higher than 45 degrees celsius?
Thermophiles
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A stain using two or more dyes, such as a Gram stain, to distinguish between different cells or structures would be a _____.
Differential stain
55
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What are organisms that require oxygen as their final electron acceptor?
Obligate aerobes
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What bonds hold proteins together?
Polypeptide Bonds
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What has happened to chocolate agar to make it look like chocolate?
The blood cells are destroyed (lysed)
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Which of the following colors is considered pigmented in terms of microbial colony morphology on agar?
Purple
59
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What is the nosepiece of a microscope?
Holds the scanning, low power and high power and oil immersion objective lenses; allows the lenses to be rotated for viewing
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What macromolecules have names that end with the suffix "ose"?
Carbohydrates
61
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The acid-fast stain is used to stain _____,
Bacteria with waxy walls
62
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About how many times should you go back into the previous quadrant when streaking for isolation on an agar plate?
1-2x
63
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What are antibodies?
Immune system proteins that bind very specifically to target antigens
64
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What determines the function of a protein?
The specific structure of the protein
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Why are anaerobes susceptible to oxygen?
They lack superoxide dismutase
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What is another name for the high-energy bonds where more energy is released?
Phosphate bonds
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What level of oxygen level is required for microaerophiles?
2-10%
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MacConkey
non-fastidious Gram-negative rods
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Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile salts-sucrose (TCBS)
Vibrio species
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Mannitol Salt agar (MSA)
Staphylococcus species
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Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE)
Legionella species.
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Which of these is liquid media? (Plates, Slants, or Broth?)
Broth
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When identifying distinctive characteristics of a bacterial colony which of the following is NOT used? (Color, Smell, Shape, or Texture?)
Smell
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What is the magnification of ocular lenses on the microscopes used in class?
10X
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What are the 2 primary elements that make up the 4 major organic molecules?
Carbon, Hydrogen
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What 2 vitamins are used to protect aerobic organisms?
Vitamin C and E
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Viruses which infect bacteria and can be used to help indentify bacteria are called _____..
Bacteriophages
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A thin film of microbes or specimens on a slide is a/n _____?
Smear
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What are purine bases?
adenine and guanine
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What color are mannitol fermenters on Mannitol Salt?
Yellow
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What is the term for the moment when a pathogen passes from members of one species, as host, into members of another species?
Spillover
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What are organisms that acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic compounds?
Chemotrophs
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What is the purpose of Sterols?
Keep the membrane fluid and flexible
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What are the Gram stain results for Streptococci?
Gram Positive Cocci in Chains
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What is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring?
Species
86
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What are 3 examples of simple stains?
Crystal violet, Safranin, and Methylene blue
87
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Aerotolerant anaerobes
Do NOT use aerobic metabolism, but tolerate oxygen by having enzymes to break it down (detoxify it)
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Facultative anaerobes
aerobic organisms that can continue to grow without oxygen, although their metabolic efficiency (ability to reproduce) is reduced
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Microaerophiles
require oxygen levels of 2% to 10%
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Obligate aerobes
organisms that require oxygen as their final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
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Obligate anaerobes
organisms that are poisoned (killed) by oxygen
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If Candida albicans is the only organism growing on an agar plate, this would be described as a(n) _____.
Pure culture
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True / False - Immersion oil should be used with a high power (40X) lens only.
False
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When using a dichotomous key, what should be used first?
Gram stain
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Which paper is used to clean the microscope lens?
Lens paper
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In terms of pH concentration, most human pathogens are?
Neutrophiles
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What is the fermenter appearance of MacConkey agar?
red to hot pink
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What is an agar plate?
A Petri dish that contains a growth medium solidified with agar, used to culture microorganisms.
99
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The most commonly used element in cells is?
Hydrogen
100
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Approximately how long should the inoculating loop be inside the bacti-incinerator to sterilize it?
2-4 seconds