Art Fundies

define art

created by people and invested with special meaning and/or valued for its aesthetic appeal

what is the basic goal of art history

Understanding the meaning of art in its historical moment

When did art history arise as an academic discipline?

mid-1700s

When were the Chauvet Cave paintings discovered

1994

When were the Chauvet Cave paintings made

30,000 BCE, Old Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic)

What is depicted in the Chauvet Cave paintings

horses, rhinos, buffalos, lions, mammoths

What is depicted in Lascaux and Altamira cave paintings

horses, bison, bears, lions, mammoths, hand outlines; only ONE human figure found at Lascaux

Venus of Willendorf (height, age, describe)

4 1/8 in, 28,000-25,000 BCE

undefined facial features, arms barely visible, no feet

large belly, pubic area, belly

rock shelters (where, when)

eastern Spain, Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), 7,000-4000 BCE

Megaliths date back to

New Stone Age (Neolithic), 4000 BCE

Stonehenge (when, describe)

2100 BCE (built in phases)

sarsen outer (post/lintel), bluestone next, largest sarsen (post/lintel) horseshoe

largest stones = 5 of horseshoe, 17 ft, 50 tons

heelstone to the northeast

Sumer (when)

4000 BCE - 2334 BCE

Akkad (when, subject matter)

2334 BCE - 2150 BCE, monarchy, freestanding + relief

Guti (when, who)

50 years following Akkad (meaning their end was 2100 BCE, the same time as Stonehenge), mountainous barbarians

Neo-Sumer (who, when, main work)

2100 BCE

King of Ur

Ziggurat of Ur: Nasiriyah, Iraq

Hammurabi's Code (where today, when)

1792 BCE

Louvre Museum

Assyria (where, when, works)

north Mesopotamia

900 BCE - 600 BCE

relief of war/hunts

Neo-Babylon (when, major works)

612 BCE - 538 BCE

- Hanging Gardens of Babylon

- Ishtar Gate

Persia (where, work)

Iran

Persepolis: stone, brick, wood; Egyptian influence

ancient Egypt date back to when (not pre-dynastic)

3000 BCE

When did Alexander the Great conquer Egypt

332 BCE

When was King Tut's tomb discovered

1922

Nubia (where)

south of Egypt

Cycladic

3200 - 2000 BCE

simplified, geometric female figures, pottery, marble bowls/jars

Minoan

flourish in 2nd millennium BCE

naturalistic pictorial frescoes/pottery of sea life + snake goddess

4 light, flexible, organic palaces

Myceneans

mainland

elaborate tombs, goldsmithing, relief sculpture

Archaic period

660 - 475 BCE

sculptures in marble + limestone

influenced by Egypt (frontal pose) + Mesopotamia

Athenian vs black-figure vases

both have black figures, but Athenian pottery is larger in scale and more linear

Early Classical

Doric

contrapposto (away from Egyptian influence), solemnity, strength, simplicity

sculpture the moment before or after major action

Greek example aspired to from 1400s-early 1800s (Ren, Baroque, Neoclassical)

Middle Classical Rome

Parthenon (destroyed in 480 BCE, restored in 447 BCE)

Late Classical Rome

architecture decline (Peloponnesian War)

Corinthian columns

Hellenistic

style blend with those of Asia Minor

Laocoon Group, Venus de Milo

Etruscan

1st millennium

shift from Greek ideals to pragmatism of Romans

sarcophagus lids, forms in baked clay, bronze work; paintings in tombs (bright, flat colors)

Roman Doric vs Greek Doric

Roman Doric has a base, capital a bit different...

When did Rome shift to reflect Greece more

2nd century BCE

When did carrying small carved images of past relatives become common

Roman Republic

Medieval book (materials, examples)

vellum + parchment

Book of Kells, Coronation Gospels

Romanesque church example

Saint-Sernin (Toulouse, France)

Gothic

first half of 1100s - 1500s

flying buttresses develop in early Gothic

When was the Florence competition for the door to the new baptistry

1401

until the Renaissance, artists were considered artisans by which civilization's customs?

Greek

when was the Mannerist movement

late-1500s

When was the Baroque movement

late-1500s to mid-1700s

Versailles

started building in 1669

stable, orangerie, zoo, fountains, waterfalls, canal

What did Louis XIV found that established aesthetic standards

Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (Academy)

Rococo used what colors

gold, pastels

When was Manet's Luncheon on the Grass included in the Salon de refuses

1863

Pre-Raphaelites

quasi-religious works, Romantic, archaic, moralistic

When was the Art Nouveau Movement

late-1800s to early-1900s

When and where was Cubism developed

Paris, ~1908

When was the Armory Show

Feb 17 - March 15, 1913

When was the Harlem Renaissance

1920s

Who are ready-mades associated with

Duchamp; Picasso also made some (Bull's Head)

When did the Nazi party close the Bauhaus house?

1933

When did the American Abstract Expressionist movement beginning?

1940s

Who is associated with combines

Rauchenburg

Golden Age of China

Tang

What art did the dynasties following Qin create?

tombs, palaces, bronze statues + ceremonial vessels (casting methods not understood)

When did the communist revolution establish the People's Republic of China

1949

When did Chinese art beginning to become less political

1970s

How many languages and dialects are in India

over 1600

Japanese artists have created excellent works in...

painting, architecture, crafts, sculpture, print making

Nok

900 - 200 CE

terracotta

Nigeria

influence Yoruba

Benin

emerge in 900 CE, shifts in leadership in 1000s CE

Edo, oba (king) = court life

British raid royal palace in 1897

Fang masks

Wood, Gabon

ngil ceremony = search for sorcerers

Asmat

Melanesian

head-hunting (fallen out of practive)

shields: red, black, white, used originally for protection against raids

Melanesian masks

summoning spirits of ancestors, honor the dead

the _______ faced Mecca in a Mosque

qibla

American civilizations

Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, Aztec

Mayan

carvings

How far back is there evidence of American civilizations

12,000 years

Works of American civilizations

architecture, fine textiles, jewelry, clay/stone statues

What did Phillip Baldensperger write

The Immovable East: Studies of the People and Customs of Palestine

Elements of art (6)

line, shape, form, space, texture, color

When was the color wheel developed? When were the underlying ideas behind the color wheel developed

developed in 1700s

ideas developed by Newton in 1600s

local color

"true", in normal daylight

optical color

color under special lighting

how would you make a surface appear rough?

contrasts between dark and light

Scale

refers the actual size of a work AND the proportions of the subjects in the piece

According to the Greek rules, how many heads is an adult human

7 1/2 heads

What materials make the matrix of relief printmaking

wood, linoleum, synthetic materials

Relief printmaking

1. carve

2. brayer adds ink

3. press or burnish presses paper to matrix

What materials make the matrix of intaglio printmaking

wood or soft metal

etching

intaglio

1. layer of wax/varnish

2. incising

3. acid

4. remove wax/varnish

5. ink added to warmed plate

6. wiped

7. paper put into heavy press

What is the matrix in lithography made of

stone, zinc, aluminum

When did oil paints start to be used widely

1500s

5 methods of sculpture

1. relief

2. carving

3. modeling

4. casting

5. construction

When did Earthworks emerge

1960s

When was collage art introduced to the high-art sphere

1912

When/where was glass developed

3rd millennium BCE, Near East

slab-built clay

1. roll

2. layer on top each other

3. slip (liquid clay) like glue

4. air-dry

5. kiln drives out all moisture = chem change

6. glaze

7. fired

common materials for residential homes today

brick + wood