Spanish 2H - 4A: De Niño Guía de Estudiar

REVIEW El pretérito

• a past tense (1 of 2 en español)
• used to talk about what happened
• used to talk about completed actions
• conjugations for -ar verbs: -é; -aste; -ó; -amos; -asteis; -aron
• conjugations for -er/-ir verbs: -í; -iste; -ió; -imos; -isteis; -ieron

REVIEW Conjugations for -ar verbs in el pretérito

• yo → -é
• tú → -aste
• él/ella/Ud. → -ó
• nosotros/as → -amos
• vosotros/as → -asteis
• ellos/ellas/Uds. → -aron

REVIEW Examples for -ar verbs in el pretérito

• yo hablé
• tú hablaste
• él/ella/Ud. habló
• nosotros/as hablamos
• vosotros/as hablasteis
• ellos/ellas/Uds. hablaron

REVIEW Conjugations for -er/-ir verbs in el pretérito

• yo → -í
• tú → -iste
• él/ella/Ud. → -ió
• nosotros/as → -imos
• vosotros/as → -isteis
• ellos/ellas/Uds. → -ieron

REVIEW Example for -er/-ir verbs in el pretérito

• yo abrí
• tú abriste
• él/ella/Ud. abrió
• nosotros/as abrimos
• vosotros/as abristeis
• ellos/ellas/Uds. abrieron

El Imperfecto

• a past tense used to: Talk about repeated or habitual actions in the past; Talk about time or age; Talk about the weather; Discuss emotions in the past; Talk about actions that were in progress; Talk about what you "used to" do
• conjugations for -ar verbs: -aba; -abas; -aba; -ábamos; -abais; -aban
• conjugations for -er/-ir verbs: -ía; -ías; -ía; -íamos; -ían
• only three irregulars: ser, ir, ver

Conjugations for -ar verbs in el imperfecto

• yo → aba
• tú → abas
• él/ella/Ud. → aba
• nosotros/as → ábamos
• vosotros/as → abais
• ellos/ellas/Uds. → aban

Conjugations for -er/-ir verbs in el imperfecto

• yo → ía
• tú → ías
• él/ella/Ud. → ía
• nosotros/as → íamos
• vosotros/as → íais
• ellos/ellas/Uds. → ían

Ser conjugations in el imperfecto

• yo era
• tú eras
• él/ella/Ud. era
• nosotros/as éramos
• vosotros/as erais
• ellos/ellas/Uds. eran

Ir conjugations in el imperfecto

• yo iba
• tú ibas
• él/ella/Ud. iba
• nosotros/as íbamos
• vosotros/as ibais
• ellos/ellas/Uds. iban

Ver conjugations in el imperfecto

• yo veía
• tú veías
• él/ella/Ud. veía
• nosotros/as veíamos
• vosotros/as veíais
• ellos/ellas/Ud. veían

Palabras claves con el imperfecto

• a menudo → often
• a veces → sometimes
• cada día → every day
• cada semana → every week
• cada mes → every month
• cada año → every year
• con frecuencia → frequently
• de vez en cuando → from time to time
• en aquella época → at that time
• frecuentemente → frequently
• generalmente → usually
• muchas veces → many times
• mucho → a lot
• nunca → never

Imperfecto del progresivo

• used to describe something that was taking place over a period of time in the past
• uses the imperfect tense of estar + the present participle

Imperfect tense of estar

• yo estaba
• tú estabas
• él/ella/Ud. estaba
• nosotros/as estábamos
• vosotros/as estabais
• ellos/ellas/Uds. estaban

Present participle

• for -ar: -ando
• for -er and -ir: -iendo

-ir stem changing verbs in the imperfect progressive

• e changes to i
• o changes to u

E → I in the imperfect progressive

• decir → diciendo
• pedir → pidiendo
• repetir → repitiendo
• seguir → siguiendo
• servir → sirviendo
• vestir → vistiendo

O → U in the imperfect progressive

• dormir → durmiendo

I → Y in the imperfect progressive (in -er verbs)

• creer → creyendo
• leer → leyendo
• traer → trayendo

In sentences where 2 actions were happening at the same time use…

mientras (while)

In sentences with the imperfect progressive and the preterite….

• use the imperfect progressive to describe actions in progress
• use the preterite to describe interrupting actions

When using the imperfect progressive and preterito in the same sentence use…

cuando (when)- it indicates an interruption

When you use pronouns (ex: reflexive verbs) with the imperfect progressive…

you can put the pronoun before the estar or attach them to the participle

Examples of imperfect progressive with pronouns

• Me estaba afeitando.
• Estaba efeitándome.

Direct Object Pronoun

takes the place of the direct object in a sentence

Direct Object Pronouns (English)

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

Direct Object Pronouns (Español)

me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las

Placement of a Direct Object Pronoun

-before a conjugated verb
-attached to the end of an infinitive
-attached to the end of a participle (-ando/-iendo)

Direct Object Pronoun before a conjugated verb

¿Cuándo compraste la falda? → La compré hace cinco días.

Direct Object Pronoun attached to the infinitive

¿Quieres comprar esa falda? → Sí, quiero comprarla.

Direct Object Pronoun attached to the participle

¿Estabas visitando a tus abuelos durante las vacaciones? → Sí, estaba visitándolos.

When do we use the direct object pronoun los?

When the pronoun replaces both a masculine and a feminine direct object noun

Indirect Object Pronoun

• explain to or for whom the action is being done
• answer the question "To whom?" or "For whom?"

Indirect Object Pronouns (English)

to/for me, to/for you, to/for him, to/for her, to/for it, to/for us, to/for you all, to/for them

Indirect Object Pronouns (Español)

me, te, le, nos, os, les

Placement of an Indirect Object Pronoun

• same as a direct object pronoun
• before a conjugated verb
• attached to the end of an infinitive
• attached to the end of a participle (-ando/-iendo)

What should you use with the indirect object pronouns le or les?

a + Ud./él/ella

Indirect Object Pronoun before a conjugated verb

El niño le escribió una carta a ella.

Indirect Object Pronoun attached to the infinitive

Mis hermanos tienen que darle la comida a mi perro.

Indirect Object Pronoun attached to a participle

Estoy dándoles los regalos a mis amigos.

Indirect object pronouns are the "me, te, le, nos and les that you see before what verbs?

• gustar
• interesar
• encantar
• doler

What goes first, an indirect object pronoun or direct object pronoun?

Indirect Object Pronoun

What goes first, reflexive pronoun or direct object pronoun?

Reflexive Pronoun

Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Together

¿Me la puedes traer? → Can you bring it to me?

Direct Object and Reflexive Pronouns Together

Mamá: "Hijo, ¡Necesitas ponerte los zapatos, ahora!"
Hijo: 'Sí, mamá, ¡Me los pongo!"

Where does the accent need to go when using indirect and direct object pronouns attached to an infinitive or a participle?

The accent goes on the a, e, or i of the infinitive or the a/ e of -ando/-iendo.

What indirect object pronouns become se when used together with direct object pronouns lo, la, los, or las?

le and les