Lab Practical 1 - A&P II

colloid

adrenal cortex

follicular epithelium

medulla

parafollicular cells

calcitonin

What hormone is produced by the highlighted parafollicular cells?

posterior pituitary

thyroid gland

zona glomerulosa

zona reticularis

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

In the adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells produce

______________ and ____________

effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Increased heart rate, Elevate blood pressure, Higher blood sugar, Airway dilation, Pupil dilation

body of pancreas

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Which hormone released by the hypothalamus stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?

isthmus of thyroid

pineal gland

pituitary gland

what structure is highlighed?

plasma

What does the top layer consist of?

buffy coat

What is the middle layer called?

leukocytes and platelets

What does the buffy coat consist of?

Blood

What does the bottom layer consist of?

hematocrit

the percentage of your total blood volume made up of red blood cells. [1]

steps for determining hematocrit

• Step 1: Place heparinized capillary tube into the blood.

• Step 2: Fill the tube three-quarters full with blood.

• Step 3: Seal the end with capillary tube sealer or clay.

• Step 4: Place the tube in a microhematocrit centrifuge.

• Step 5: Centrifuge the blood for 4 to 5 minutes.

anemia

anemia

A decrease in the number of RBCs results in___________

steps of how EPO works to restore normal blood oxygen levels.

• Step 1: Kidney releases EPO.

• Step 2: EPO stimulates red bone marrow.

• Step 3: enhanced erythropoiesis

• Step 4: RBC count increases.

• Step 5: carrying ability of blood increases.

erythropoietin (EPO)

the level of RBCs is hormonally controlled by

raise a patient's hematocrit.

How would blood doping with EPO affect a patient's hematocrit?

genetics

How is the expression of surface antigens on red blood cells determined?

antigens

The presence or absence of A and/or B surface antigens determines ABO blood type.

anti A

People who have the B antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have _______ antibodies in their plasma.

neither anti-A nor anti-B

People who have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have __________________________ antibodies in their plasma.

anti-B

People who have the A antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have ________ antibodies in their plasma

anti-A and anti-B antibodies

People who have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have _________________________ in their plasma.

A+

• donor blood types A+, A-, O+, and O-

B+

• donor blood types B+, B-, O+, and O-

• 
  

O-

donor blood types O-

A-

donor blood types A-, O-

O+

donor blood types O+, O-

AB-

donor blood types A-, B-, AB-, and O-

B-

: donor blood types B-, O-

AB+

donor blood types A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-

B-

What is this person’s blood type?

blood handling

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Always wear a lab coat, gloves, and safety goggles or glasses during any blood-related practical or experiment.

• Disposal of Sharps: Place lancets, needles, or any glass capillary tubes immediately into a rigid, labeled sharps container. Never recap needles.

• Biological Waste: Dispose of non-sharp items contaminated with simulated or real blood (such as alcohol wipes, pipettes, and gloves) in designated biohazard waste bins.

• Surface Decontamination: Disinfect your lab bench with a 10% bleach solution or an approved hospital-grade disinfectant before and after the lab session.

• No Eating or Drinking: Keep all food, drinks, cosmetics, and personal items completely away from the laboratory workspace. Handwashing is required immediately after removing gloves.

Ocular Lens (Eyepiece)

Typically magnifies 10x. This is the lens you look through at the top of the microscope. [1, 2]

magnification breakdown

• Scanning Objective: Magnifies 4x (yielding a total magnification of 40x). Used for finding and initial orientation of the specimen. [1, 2, 3]

• Low-Power Objective: Magnifies 10x (yielding a total magnification of 100x). Used for a closer view of larger tissue sections or structures. [1, 2, 3]

• High-Power Objective (High-Dry): Magnifies 40x (yielding a total magnification of 400x). Used for detailed cellular structures. [1, 2]

• Oil-Immersion Objective: Magnifies 100x (yielding a total magnification of 1000x). Used with immersion oil for maximum resolution at the highest power (frequently used in microbiology components of lab). [1, 2, 3]

magnification of objective vs total magnification

The magnification of the objective lens is the magnifying power of the single lens closest to the slide, whereas total magnification is the combined enlargement produced by multiplying that objective lens power by the power of the ocular lens (eyepiece). [1, 2]

proper handling of microscope

1. Clean: Remove slides and clean lenses with lens paper; remove immersion oil.

2. Adjust: Lower and center the stage; switch to the 4× objective.

3. Power down: Set light to zero, turn off, and unplug.

4. Secure: Loosely wrap the cord.

5. Cover: Put on the dust cover.

6. Transport: Carry with two hands—one on the arm, one under the base.

7. Store: Place in the correct numbered cabinet slot carefully.

interpupillary distance

To adjust the interpupillary distance (IPD) on a lab microscope, physically push the two ocular lenses (eyepieces) together or pull them apart horizontally until the two separate circles of light merge into one perfect, unified circle. [1, 2, 3]

This adjustment matches the width between the microscope’s eyepieces to the exact space between your pupils to prevent eye strain and double vision during your lab work. [1, 2, 3]

interpupillary distance

the distance between the centers of your two pupils, and adjusting it on a binocular microscope means changing the space between the two ocular lenses (eyepieces) so they match your eyes. [1, 2]

corticotropin releasing hormone

secreted by hypothalamus

targets anterior pituitary gland

stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH

secreted by Hypothalamus

targets Anterior pituitary

Stimulates release of the gonadotropins (FSH

and LH

Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

secreted by hypothalamus

targets Anterior pituitary

Inhibits release of GH

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)

secreted by Hypothalamus

targets Anterior pituitary

Stimulates release of GH

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

secreted by Hypothalamus

targets Anterior pituitary

Inhibits the release of PRL

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

secreted by Hypothalamus

targets Anterior pituitary

Stimulates the release of PRL

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH

secreted by Hypothalamus

targets Anterior pituitary

Stimulates the release of TSH

hypothalamic hormones

TRH: Stimulates TSH release.

• CRH: Stimulates ACTH release.

• GnRH: Stimulates LH and FSH release.

• GHRH: Stimulates GH release.

• Somatostatin: Inhibits GH and TSH.

• Dopamine: Inhibits prolactin release. [1, 2, 3]

pituitary hormones

• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates your adrenal glands to produce cortisol and manage stress.

• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Triggers your thyroid gland to release metabolism-regulating hormones.

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Controls egg development in ovaries and sperm production in testes.

• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Regulates sex hormone production and triggers ovulation.

• Growth Hormone (GH): Supports physical growth, muscle, bone health, and metabolism.

• Prolactin: Stimulates breast milk production after childbirth.

• Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Affects skin pigmentation by stimulating melanin production. [1, 2, 3]

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

secreted by Anterior pituitary

targets Adrenal cortex

■ Development and growth of adrenal cortex

■ Release of adrenal cortex hormones and

catecholamines

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by Anterior pituitary

targets Gonads

■ In males, indirectly stimulates sperm

production in the seminiferous tubules

of the testes

■ In females, stimulates development of folli-cles and oocytes in the ovaries and estrogen

release

Growth hormone (GH)

(Nontropic

secreted by Anterior pituitary

targets Liver, adipose, muscle, bone, and cartilage

Stimulates growth and protein synthesis

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

secreted by Anterior pituitary

targets: Gonads

■ In males, stimulates the interstitial cells

to produce testosterone

■ In females, stimulates ovulation and

production of estrogen and progesterone

prolactin (PRL)

secreted by: Anterior pituitary

targets: Mammary glands

Milk production

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

secreted by: Anterior pituitary

targets:Thyroid gland

Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

secreted by: posterior pituitary

targets: Kidney

■ Stimulates water retention

■ Decreases urine output

■ Maintains blood volume

oxytocin (OT)

secreted by: Posterior pituitary

targets: Uterus and mammary glands

■ Stimulates uterine contractions

■ Milk flow (let-down reflex

thyroid and parathyroid hormones

calcitonin

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Calcitonin

secreted by: Thyroid

targets: Bone and kidney

Causes decrease in blood calcium ion levels by:

■ Stimulating osteoblast and inhibiting osteo-clast activity

■ Causing secretion of excess calcium into

urine

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

secreted by: Parathyroid

targets: Bone, kidney, and small intestine

Causes increase in blood calcium ion levels by:

■ Activating osteoclasts

■ Causing kidney tubules to reabsorb calcium

back into the bloodstream

■ Promoting calcium absorption through the

small intestin

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

secreted by: Thyroid

targets: All cells

■ Set basal metabolic rate

■ Promote growth and development

■ Regulate body temperature

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

pineal gland

capsule

pineal gland

pituitary gland

hypothalamus

infundibulum

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

anterior lobe of the pitutiary gland

melatonin

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

anterior lobe; posterior lobe

adenohypophysis = _________________ lobe; neurohypophysis = ___________ lobe

anterior pituitary lobe

adenohypohysis

posterior lobe

neurohypophysis

glandular epithelial tissue

What type of tissue is found in the anterior pituitary?

neural tissue

What type of tissue is found in the posterior pituitary?

pituitary gland

hormones released by anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

• Growth Hormone (GH_: Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and protein synthesis.

• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones.

• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Directs the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other stress-response hormones.

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Regulates egg maturation in ovaries and sperm production in testes.

• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and stimulates sex hormone production (estrogen and testosterone) in the gonads.

• Prolactin (PRL): Prompts milk production in the mammary glands. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

hormones secreted by the posteior lobe of the pituitary

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormones secreted by the posteior lobe of the pituitary

thyroid gland

thyroid gland

thyroid gland

thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Follicular cells: what do these secrete?

control the rate at which your body uses energy (regulate metabolism)

What’s the function of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

calcitonin

parafollicular cells: what do these secrete?

lower calcium levels in your bloodstream

What’s the function of calcitonin?