General Biology 1: First QT Coverage

Basic Science

also called “pure” science

Basic Science

seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge

Applied Science

also called “technology”

Applied Science

uses the knowledge base supplied by basic science to devise solutions, often technological, to specific problems.

Applied Science

The discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems.

Biology

a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms

Modern Biology

a vast and eclectic field composed of many specialized disciplines that study the structure, function, growth, distribution, evolution, or other features of living organisms

bios; life

The word biology came from the Greek word, "___", which means __.

Microscope

It is an instrument used to study microscopic organisms

compound microscope

an intricate gathering of a combination of lenses that renders a highly maximized and magnified image of microscopic living entities and other complex details or tissues and cells.

compound microscope

consists of a series of glass lenses and uses visible light to produce a magnified image

Mechanical Parts and Optical Parts

Two Types of Parts of Compound Microscope

electron microscope

uses magnets to aim a beam of electron at thin slices of cells that allows for the user to magnify up to 500,000 times. and has 10,000 times more resolution than a human eye

Foot/Base; Pillar; Arm; Stage; Inclination Joint; Clips; Diaphragm; Nose piece; Body tube; Fine adjustment knob; Coarse adjustment knob; Condenser

Mechanical parts of a Compound Microscope

Eyepiece lens/Ocular; Mirror; Objective lenses

Optical parts of a Compound Microscope

foot/base

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: a U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of the compound microscope.

Pillar

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: a vertical projection. This stands by resting on the base and supports the stage.

Arm

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: a strong and curved structure that handles the entire microscope

Stage

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: The flat and rectangular plate that is connected to the arm’s lower end wherein specimen is placed for studying and examining the various features. The centre of the stage has a hole through which light can pass.

Inclination Joint

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: It is a joint, wherein the arm is fastened to the compound microscope’s pillar. It allows for the microscope to be tilted.

Clips

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: These hold the slide in its position.

Diaphragm

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: This is fastened below the stage. It controls and adjusts the intensity of light that passes into the microscope.

Disc diaphragm

A type of diaphragm wherein it is a spinning wheel with different diameter openings that allows for the microscope user to adjust how much light passes thru

Iris diaphragm

A type of diaphragm wherein it controls the amount of light that enters your cones by adjusting itself to be larger or smaller.

Nose piece

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: It is circular and a rotating metal part that is connected to the body tube’s lower end. It has three holes wherein the objective lenses are embedded.

Body tube

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: It is the upper part of the arm of the microscope that comprises a hollow and tubular structure. It can be shifted down and up using the adjustment knobs.

Fine adjustment knob

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: It is the smaller knob, which is used for sharp and fine focusing of the object. For accurate and sharp focusing, this knob can be used.

Coarse adjustment knob

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: It is a large knob that is used for moving the body tube down and up for bringing the object to be examined under exact focus.

Condenser

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: illuminates specimen samples from beneath, shining light through it and into the objective lens for viewing

EYEPIECE LENS OR OCULAR

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: A lens is planted at the top of the body tube

Mirror

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: found attached either to the pillar or the lower end of the arm. It consists of a concave mirror on one side and a plain mirror on the other side. It can be used for reflection of light rays into the microscope.

Objective Lenses

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE: is at the bottom of the eyepiece tube and is responsible for both total magnification of the specimen

High power objective; Oil immersion objective; Lower power objective

Three types of objective lenses

If the overall magnification of a series is 100x and one lens magnifies 10x, what is the magnification of the other lens?

10x

If the overall magnification of a series is 40x and one lens magnifies 10x, what is the magnification of the other lens?

4x

Atom

smallest unit of matter

Molecule

groups of atom

Biomolecular complex

groups of biomolecules

Organelle

Functional groups of biomolecules, biochemical reactions and interactions

Cell

Basic unit of all life and the grouping of organelles

Tissue

functional groups of cells

Organ

functional groups of tissues

Organ System

functional groups of organs

Organism

basic living system

Population

groups of organisms of the same species

Commmunity

interspecific groups of interacting populations

Ecosystem

groups of organisms from all biological domains in conjunction with the physical environment

Biome

continental scale grouping of ecosystems

Biosphere/Ecosphere

all life on earth

Atom, Molecule, Biomolecular complex, Organelle, cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, BIome, Biosphere

Biological Organisation (all singular and commas)

- all living organisms are made of one or more cells;
- cells are the basic structural units of all organisms;
- all cells originate from pre-existing cells

Classical Cell Theory Characteristics

- Cells carry genetic material during cell division;
- All cells of the same species have similar chemical composition;
- Energy flow occurs within cells

Modern Cell Theory Additional Characteristics

Micrographia

a book filled with drawings and descriptions of the organisms Robert Hooke viewed under the recently invented microscope.

Robert Hooke

He published Micrographia and discovered the cell which he called "cells" as they reminded him of monasteries.

1665

When did Robert Hooke discover the cell?

Matthias Schleiden

He studied microscopic plant structures which eventually became a part of Schwann's cell theory.

1838

What year did Matthias Schleiden discover microscopic plant structures?

1839

What year did Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden propose the classical cell theory?

Theodor Schwann

He proposed the classical cell theory after he compared Schleiden and his own observations of plant and animal cells respectively.

Rudolf Virchow

In 1858, he described the third part wherein cells come from preexisting cells that have multiplied.

omnis cellula e cellula

It means all cells come from cells

1858

When did Rudolf Virchow propose "omnis cellula e cellula"?

All living things are made of cells;
All living things reproduce offspring that resemble the parents;
All living things are based on a genetic code;
All living things grow and develop;
All living things use and need energy;
All living things respond to stimuli;
All living things maintain homeostasis;
All living things evolve and adapt

Enumerate the characteristics of living things (8)

Growth

process pertaining to increase in size and shape

Development

process pertaining to mature over time

Energy

comes from food and is used to maintain the body

Autotroph, Heterotroph, Decomposer

3 Classifications of Living Things based on how they obtain energy

autotroph

living things that make their own food

heterotroph

living things that eat their food

decomposer

living things that break down dead material for food

Homeostasis

referred to as an internal balance inside a body

Unicellular

made of one cell

Multicellular

made of many cells

asexual reproduction

type of reproduction that requires only one parent

Sexual Reproduction

type of reproduction that requires two parents

Prokaryote

a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei

Cocci, bacillus, spirilla

3 shapes of prokaryotes

Cocci

Spherical shape of prokaryote

Bacillus

Rod shaped prokaryote

Spirilla

Helical prokaryote

Unicellular, colony, filamentous

Prokaryote lifestyle

Photosynthetic, disease-causing, decomposers

Prokaryote feeding ways

easily formed; kernel; zygote

The word 'eukaryote' originated in the 1960s from eu- which means __ + karyo which means __ + -ote as in ___

Eukaryote

cells that contain organelles that are membrane bounded

Protists, plants, animals, fungi

Examples of eukaryotes

Animal Cells

a type of cell that is seen specifically in animal tissues.

Plant Cells

building blocks of plants

Nucleus

Part of the cell: It is a large roundish organelle bounded by double-membrane which has pores and nuclear envelope. It serves as the control center of the cell and tells the cell what to do.

Nucleolus

Part of the cell: a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes using rRNA and protein.

Ribosomes

Part of the cell: protein factories of the cells that carry out the instructions coming from the nucleus to synthesize proteins.

Cytoplasm

Part of the cell: It is the gel-like fluid inside the cell that serves as the medium for chemical reaction. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules

Cytosol

Part of the cell: the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended; part of the cytoplasm not taken up by organelles

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

Part of the cell: semi-permeable division between the cell and its surroundings that allows the cell to control its own biochemistry by only letting certain substances through it, divide cell into compartments allowing for specialized acitivties, and interacts with membranes from endomembrane system

Mitochondria

Part of the cell: Also known as the powerhouse of the cell, it is specialized to perform aerobic respiration which converts glucose into energy (adenosine triphosphate/ATP)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Part of the cell: involved in producing proteins, contains ribosomes and transport proteins using vesicles

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Part of the cell: It involves synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, and cholesterol. It is responsible for the detoxification of harmful metabolic byproducts

Golgi Apparatus

Part of the cell: Also known as the 'mailman of the cell', it has cisternae that is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

animal

Part of the cell: In __ cells, golgi apparatus also manufactures lysosomes

Peroxisome

Part of the cell: It contains enzymes that oxidize certain biomolecules and metabolizes waste

Cytoskeleton

Part of the cell: a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm