8th vs. 12th Grade Apologetics Survey Questions

What is justification?

Arguments for God that are based on design.

William Paley's WatchMaker, Fine-tuning Argument, Information in DNA

The word teleological derives from the Greek word "telos", which means?

Order/Purpose

What is deism?

God exists but is not personal or cares about human affairs.

"His divine nature, has been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse."

Roman 1:18-20

The Kalam is what kind of argument?

Cosmological

Name the argument: If humans and animals are complex like a watch, then humans and animals must also have a designer.

William Paley's WatchMaker

The Christian thinker responsible for the watchmaker argument.

William Paley

The argument that uses the fine-tuning of the cosmos to prove that there is a cosmic designer.

Fine-tuning

According to the argument from DNA, information is best explained by what?

Intelligence

The belief that there are universal moral laws that are unchanging, timeless, and exist in all places.

Moral Realism, Objective Morality

Know which arguments are cosmological, teleological, and moral.

Kalam, Leibniz's Contingency Argument, Aquinas' 1st Way: Cosmological

WatchMaker, Fine-tuning Argument, Information in DNA: Teleological

Moral Argument, Intuition Argument: Moral

What is the definition of Relativism?

Truth is subjective, there are no absolute or objective truths

Why is relativism self-defeating?

It doesn't meet it's own standard/logical fallacy.

What is Hermeneutics?

The practice of accurately interpreting the text, i.e. the Bible

What does it mean to Eisegete or Exegesis?

Eisegete: Inserting your own understanding into the text

Exegesis: Extracting the author's understanding from the text

The Ceremonial Laws are for what?

These laws have to do with the religious rite of worshiping God in the tabernacle through the means of sacrifices and burnt offerings. These laws were heavily explicit in reference to the priesthood.

The Societal/Civil Laws are for what?

Center on addressing societal mid-eastern practices such as; diet, dress, livestock, agriculture, penalties for various crimes, rules for business transactions, etc. They incentivise conduct that is separate than the surrounding pagan nations

What makes the moral laws different from the ceremonial and priestly laws?

Universal laws that apply to all mankind. These are reflections of God's own nature and therefore immutable

These are objective moral laws because it is these laws that God uses to: (1) judge all the secrets of men (Rom. 2:16), (2) re-stipulated in the New Testament (John 14:15), and (3) revealed by the created order (Psalm 19).

How do we know which laws in the Old Testament are moral law and which laws are societal?

Observing which laws were accountable to all the nations and which laws were not

For example, pagan nations didn't receive judgement for not shaving, or eating shrimp/pork, or mixed fabrics. Only Israel received this judgement. The pagan nations received judgement because they disobeyed the moral laws (i.e. human sacrifices, prostitution, mutilation, even incest, etc.

Why was "mixing" forbidden in the Old Testament?

In the ancient middle east, certain practices, beliefs, diets, behaviors, and animals were culturally associated with either life or death. Since God is the author of life (Ps.36:9) mixing the two together was prohibited, and profined what was good, i.e. killing a newborn (death), with the milk of his mother (life).

Whose writings would preserve the New Testament if all of the manuscripts were destroyed or lost?

Church Fathers

Who were the disciples of John the Apostle?

Polycarp and Ignatitus of Antioch

Who was the disciple of Peter the Apostle?

Clement of Rome

Docetism was a popular heresy the church fathers fought against in the 1-3rd century, what is docetism?

The belief that Jesus was not human or have a body

Which Father was an early apologist and Greek philosopher who defended against Jewish objections against Christianity?

Justin Martyr

Gnosticism was a popular heresy the church fathers fought against in the 1-3rd century, what is Gnosticism?

Salvation is found in secret forbidden knowledge hidden among the apostles and Jesus

You are not the body but spirit. The body traps your soul and keeps it imprisoned

Select which gospels are gnostic gospels.

Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Peter, Gospel of Judas, Gospel of Mary, Infancy Gospel of Thomas

In the Gospel of Judas, why is Judas considered the hero?

Judas frees Jesus from his body on the cross

What is canon?

Collection of books inspired by God

Why are gnostic gospels not considered canon?

They come after the 1st century when all the apostles have died.

They have no apostolic origins

Who was St. Irenaeus' teacher?

Polycarp

Label in chronological order

The Apostle Paul, Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, and Irenaeus.

The Council of Nicaea was assembled in order to defend what fundamental Christian belief?

Christ's Divinity

Arianism was a popular heresy the church fathers fought against in the 3rd- 4th century, what is Arianism?

The belief that Christ is not God, but was created

Who was the famous church father who defended Christ's divinity at the Council of Nicaea against Arius?

Athanasius

The study of the copies of any written document to determine the exact wording of the original is known as what?

Textual Criticism

Our Bibles today are a direct translation of which language?

Greek and Hebrew

Deals with how a text is passed down over time. How a text travels down through history until it reaches us today.

Transmission

What is our earliest manuscript of the Bible?

P52

Relies on the appearance of the handwriting in the manuscript to assign a date range.

Paleographic Dating

How many New Testament Greek manuscripts are extant?

5,800

A text that has been shared throughout multiple locations in multiple languages with multiple people is what kind of transmission?

Public Transmission

What kind of transmission does the telephone game reflect?

Private Transmission

Approximately, how many New Testament variants are there.

400,000-500,000

What is this greek bible verse "Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος"?

John 1:1

hat are these Greek letters "ρ,v, γ, ς, λ"?

rho,nu, gamma, sigma, lamda

How is a codex different from a scroll?

Scrolls are written on one side, codexes are written on two

What is the difference between translation and transmission?

Translation deals with how the words in one language are translated into words of another language.

Transmission deals with how a text is passed down over time. In other words, the transmission addresses how a text travels down through history until it reaches us today.

P66, P75, and P46 contain which New Testament books?

P66 (John) P75 (Luke and John) P46 (Paul's letters)

What is a "Nomina Sacra" and locate it on a papyri.

The Sacred Name

Which text-family are our earliest manuscripts?

Alexandrian Family

Which text-family are the majority of manuscripts?

Byzantine Family

What is Soteriology?

Study of salvation

The view that considers Adam, the first man, as the representative of the entire human race.

Federal Headship

What is the Imago Dei?

Image of God

What is original sin?

Mankind is born into sin

What was one of the jobs of the priest in the Old Testament?

Represents God before Israel and Israel before God. They are the mediator who performs sacrifices during yom Kippur

How many sections made up the tabernacle?

3

What is Yom Kippur?

The Day of Atonement

Who is the Priest, lamb, and tabernacle in the New Testament?

Christ, Christ, and us

What is justification?

RIGHT LEGAL STANDING BEFORE GOD

What is regeneration?

"rebirth", or being "born again", which basically means that our fallen heart of the past becomes radically transformed from into a new and different heart, whose nature is the opposite of how it was before.

What is sanctification?

The process for which we grow closer to the likeness to Christ. In other words, it is the process of us growing holier over time

What is glorification?

RECEIVING A RESURRECTED FREE FROM SIN

What is double imputation?

God sees (imputes) our sins to Christ on the cross and in turn Christ's righteousness is imputed to us.