TFN PRELIM WEEK2 - JEAN WATSON

JEAN WATSON

• Born: July 21, 1940 (Williamson, West Virginia, USA

• University of Colorado (BSN/MS/PhD)

• Professor of Nursing and Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

• Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and President of the National League for

  Nursing

• Six (6) Honorary Doctoral Degrees

• RESEARCH: Human caring and loss

• Nursing: Human Science and Human Care (1988)

THE SEVEN ASSUMPTIONS

1. Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally.

2. Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs.

3. Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.

4. Caring responses accept person not only as he or she is now but as what he or she may become.

5. A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for him or herself at a given point in time.

6. Caring is more “healthogenic” than is curing. A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing.

7. The practice of caring is central to nursing.

NURSING

“as a human science of persons and human health—illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions”

CARITAS

• Nurses’ experience and expression of love for patients and others as the benevolent affection of one human person for another that flows through nurses' inner awareness of their sharing in the infused love of Infinite Transcendent Reality in life processes

CARITAS NURSING

• Defined as bringing caring, love and heart-centered human to human practices back into our personal life and work world

• Leading hospitals to shift towards implementing Human Caring Theory as a guide toward professional nursing practice changes

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE CARING THEORY

1. Carative factors, evolving into Caritas factors

2. Transpersonal Caring Relationships

3. Caring occasion/Caring moment

CARATIVE FACTORS

• Guides the core of nursing

• Attempt to “honor the human dimensions of nursing’s work and the inner life world

  and subjective experiences of the people we serve”

• Contrasts the curative factors of medicine (curative means to cure a disease)

• Carative factors evolve into Caritas factors

CARITAS

• Has greater spiritual dimension

• Means “to cherish and give special loving attention” (Greek)

1. The formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values

Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within the context of caring consciousness

2. The instillation of faith-hope

Being authentically present and enabling the deep belief system and subjective life- world of self and one being cared for

3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others

Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self-going beyond the ego- self

Development of a helping-trust relationship became development of a helping-trusting, human caring relation

Developing and sustaining a helping trusting, authentic caring relationship

5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings

Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit and self and the one-being-cared for

6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making became systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process

Creative use of a self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in the artistry of caring-healing practices

7. The promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning

Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to the unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within other’ s frame of reference

8. The provision of the supportive, protective, and corrective mental, physical, societal and in spiritual environment

creating healing environment at all levels

9. The assistance with the gratification of human needs

Assisting with basic needs with an intentional caring consciousness, administering human care essentials which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit wholeness and unity of being in all aspects of care

10. The allowance of existential-phenomenological forces, became allowance for existential-phenomenological spiritual forces

Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of one’s own life-death; soul care or self and the one-being-cared for

TRANSPERSONAL

• Means to go beyond one’s own ego and reach deeper spiritual connection while comforting a patient

• The nurse must go beyond the objective role

Transpersonal relationship depends on:

1. A commitment from the nurse to enhance and protect human dignity

2. An awareness from the nurse that they have the ability to heal

GOAL OF TRANSPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

1. To preserve and protect person’s humanity and dignity

2. Preserve patient’s spirit to ensure the patient does not become objective

3. This relationship allows the nurse and the patient to to mutually seek out meaning and in turn lead to a transcendence of suffering

TEN PRIMARY CARATIVE FACTORS

1. The formation of a humanistic- altruistic system of values.

2. The installation of faith-hope.

3. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others.

4. The development of a helping-trust relationship

5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings.

6. The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making

7. The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning.

8. The provision for a supportive, protective and /or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment.

9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs.

10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological force

WATSON’S ORDERING OF NEEDS

• LOWER-ORDER NEEDS (BIOPHYSICAL)

• LOWER-ORDER NEEDS (PSYCHOPHYSICAL)

• HIGHER-ORDER NEEDS (PSYCHOSOCIAL)

• HIGHER-ORDER NEEDS (INTRAPERSONAL-INTERPERSONAL)

BIOPHYSICAL NEEDS (LOW)

• Food and fluid

• Elimination

• Ventilation

PSYCHOPHYSICAL NEEDS (LOW)

• Activity-Inactivity

• Sexuality

PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS (HIGHER)

• Achievement

• Affiliation

INTRAPERSONAL -INTERPERSONAL NEEDS (HIGHER)

• Self-actualization

HUMAN BEING

• Refers to a valued person in and of himself or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted

• As a fully functional integrated self

• Viewed as greater than and different from, the sum of his or her parts

HEALTH

• A high level of over-all physical, mental and social functioning

• A general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning

• The absence of illness

ENVIRONMENT/SOCIETY

• Caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation

• It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment

NURSING

• Concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick and restoring health

• Focuses on health promotion and treatment of the disease

• Holistic health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing

• A human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human transactions

WATSON’S THEORY AND NURSING PROCESS

• To solve a problem

• Provide a framework for decision making

• Assessment

• Plan

• Intervention

• Evaluation

ASSESSMENT

• Involves observation, identification and review of the problem

• Includes conceptual knowledge for the formulation and conceptualization of framework

• Includes formulation of hypothesis: defining variables that will examined in solving the problem

PLAN

• Helps determine how variables would be examined or measured

• Includes conceptual approach or design for problem solving

• Determines what data would be collected and how on whom

INTERVENTION

• The direct action and implementation of the plan

• Includes the collection of data

EVALUATION

• Analysis of the data and examination of the effects of interventions based on the data

• Includes interpretation of results, the degree to which positive outcome has occurred and whether the result can be generalized

• Generates additional hypothesis or may lead to the generation of a nursing theory