Bio Test Cell Stuff

Metabolism

the chemical reactions in cells that change food into energy

Catabolic Pathway

release energy by breaking down large molecules into small ones

Anabolic Pathway

use energy to build large molecules from small ones

Photosynthesis

anabolic pathway where light energy form the sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell

Light-Dependent Reaction

convert light energy into chemical energy to produce ATP and NADPH

Light-Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

turn carbon dioxide from the air into glucose

Chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

Thylakoid

flattened sac-like membrane which contain light-harvesting complex used in photosynthesis

Stroma

the dense fluid in the inner membrane of the chloroplast

Primary Pigments

chlorophyll a & b, absorbed violet-blue and red regions, reflect green

Accessory Pigments

carotenoid & chlorophyll f, allow a broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed, allowing more energy to be captured from sunlight

Chemiosmosis

the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase to produce ATP

Aerobic Respiration

includes the Krebs cycle and ETC, requires oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

includes glycolysis & fermentation, does not require oxygen

Action Spectrum

graph that shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

Cellular Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in a cell

Metabolic Pathway

a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction.

Alcoholic Fermentation

pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide is released. NADH donates electrons and NAD+ is generated

Lactic Acid Fermentation

pyruvate made in glycolysis is converted to lactic acid, involves the transfer of high energy electrons and protons from NADH

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

process that results in the movement of the electrons in a cyclic way to synthesize the ATP molecules

Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation

process that moves electrons in a non-cyclic way to synthesize ATP using energy from excited electrons from Photosystem II

Electron Transport Chain

a sequence that transfers electrons from NADH & FADH2 to oxygen to generate ATP

Photolysis

the splitting of H2O (water) in the presence of sunlight

Photo Phosphorylation

the addition of phosphate to ADP in the presence of light to make ATP, in chloroplast

Oxidative Phosphorylation

the adding of phosphate to ADP in the presence of oxygen to make ATP, in mitochondria

Photosystems

light-harvesting complex, contains pigments and proteins that absorb light energy

Cellular Respiration

catabolic pathway where molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

Absorption Spectrum

indicates the wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment

Glycolysis

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP & 2 NADH are produced, happens in cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide in the mitochondrial matrix