Unit 1

Pathogensis

The pattern of a diseases developement

Remission

For chronic dieaeses (ex cancer) when the patient experiences a temporary reveresal that seems to be recovery (reversal of a chronic condition after a period of time).

epidemiology

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans

Signs

Abnormalities that can be seen/measured by others

Ex. Fever, color

Symptoms

Abnormatities only the patient can feek (can’t be seen)

Ex. Pain

Acute

When symptoms suddenly appear and stay for a little bit but then dispear

Ex) Flu/cold

Anatomy

The study if the structure of the body parts and their relarionship to another

ex.) Opposable thumb

Physiology

The study of the function of living organisms

ex.) the ability to hold (grasping)

Gross anatomy

study of stuff seen by the naked eye

ex.) eyes

Types- Regional, Systemic, Surface

Mircoanatomy

the study of stuff seen only with a mircoscope

Histology- study of tissues

Cytology- study of individual cells

Regional Anatomy

the study of all strcutures (blood vesslers, nerves, msucles) located in a oarticuakr region of the body

Systemic anatomy

The gross anatomy of the body structured by system

Surface anatomy

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Developmental Anatomy

The study of changes in an individual from conception to old gage (how do we change?)

Embryology

The study of the developmental changes that occur before birth

Maintaining boundaries (maintaining life)

Inside remains distinct from outside

-ex.) skin

Movement (maintaining life)

Self initiated change

-ex.) muscular system

Responsiveness (maintaining life)

Senses change and reacts

-ex.) nervous system/ endocrine system

Metabolism

The sum of al chemical reactions in the body

Ex.) almost all systems and the production of ATP

Digestion

Breaking down food to aboard into body’

-ex.) Digestive system

Absorption* (maintaining life)

Passage of substances through membranes

-ex.) digestive system→ small intestine

Circulation*(maintaining life)

Movement of substances in body fluids

-ex.) cardiovascular system

Assimilation* (maintaining life)

Changing absorbed foods into chemically different substances

-ex.) digestive→ materials to all systems to be used

Respiration* (maintaining life)

Getting oxygen

-ex.) respiratory system

Excretion (maintaining life)

Removal of waste

-ex.) urinary system

Reproduction (maintaining life)

Making a new individual

-ex.) reproductive system

Growth (maintaining life)

Increase in body size

-ex.) all systems via cell division

Water (survival needs)

Most abundant chemical

-metabolic processes (digestions+assimilation)

-Transport

-body temp

Nutrients (survival needs)

Provides chemicals

-food

-energy → ATP

-building materials → proteins

-regulates reactions → electrolytes

Oxygen (survival needs)

Releases energy from food (Cellular respiration)

Body Temp- 98.6 ((survival needs))

Form of energy

-increasing heat speeds up reactions (usually)

Pressure (survival needs)

Force applied

-breathing

-blood pressure

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal environment even though there is a continuous change in the outside world

-maintenance of a stable internal environment

-focuses on a specific pathway

Allostasis

The sum of all the mechanisms used to keep and organisms within a range of physiological parameters

-focuses on multiple pathways of homeostasis

Negative Feedback

Job is to reduce/eliminate initial stimulus by working in opposite direction of stimulus

-ex.) blood pressure (120/80), blood glucose (100mg/100ml blood), body temp (98.6F)

-most mechanism are negative feedback mechanisms

Positive Feedback (amplify)

Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated

-usually control INFREQUENT events

-blood clots, labor, lactation

Receptor (Control mechanisms)

Pick up signal

-stimuli of change is detected

Control center (Control mechanisms)

Determines response

Effector (Control mechanisms)

Bodil response to the stimulus

Sagittal Plane

Left vs right

Transverse plane

Top vs bottom

Coronal plane

Front vs back

Cross section

Short axis

Oblique section

Z-axis

Longitudinal section

Long axis

Dorsal/posterior

Back

Ventral/anterior

Front

Dorsal Cavity

Cranial Cavity (brain)

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal cord)

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity

-lungs

Mediastinum

Space between the 2 pleural cavities

-heart

-esophagus

-trachea

-thymus

Abdominopelvic cavity

Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm

-abdominal cavity

-pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Stomach

Liver

Spleen

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Most of the intestines

Pelvic cavity

Part of intestines

Bladder + Urethra

Reproductive organs

Parietal

Membrane attached to cavity wall

Visceral

Membrane attached to organ

Pleural

Lung membrane

Pericardial

Heart membrane

Peritoneal

Digestive membrane