Bio chapter 11 documents

What are the two main reasons why a cell divides instead of just growing?

1. Efficiency in moving nutrients and waste, 2) DNA limitations.

What is the process by which a cell divides into new daughter cells?

Cell division.

Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

In the cytoplasm.

What must happen to DNA during cell division?

There must be an equal division of DNA.

What are the two types of regulators that control cell division?

Internal regulators and external regulators.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death.

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not spread; malignant tumors are cancerous and invade healthy tissues.

What are the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, and M phases.

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated.

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase.

What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?

Sister chromatids are moving apart.

Define cytokinesis.

The division of the cytoplasm to form two identical daughter cells.

What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms?

It enables rapid population increase.

What characterizes the metaphase of mitosis?

Chromatids line up along the equator of the cell.

What role do chromosomes play in cell division?

Chromosomes ensure precise separation of DNA.

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

How do cells used for reproduction differ in asexual and sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring; sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two parent cells, creating genetic diversity.

What does interphase involve?

Cell growth, protein synthesis, and DNA replication.

What is the function of centrioles during mitosis?

To help organize the spindles that separate chromosomes.

What is the result of mitosis?

Two identical daughter cells, each receiving a complete copy of genetic information.

How does cancer relate to cell division?

Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth due to a loss of regulation of the cell cycle.

What is meant by genetic diversity in sexual reproduction?

Offspring inherit genetic material from both parents, leading to variation.

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

The mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of the cell.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

What is meiosis?

Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four gametes.

What is DNA?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information.

What are chromosomes made of?

Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein.

What is the significance of the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is important for growth, development, and tissue repair.

What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?

Cytokinesis is the final phase of cell division where the cytoplasm divides, occurring after mitosis.

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.