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Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell that has no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, only unicellular, and is small and simple.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell that has a true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, either unicellular or multicellular, and are larger and more complex.
DNA, Ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membranes
These are the common matters found inside a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
Bioenergetics
The study of how cells, the basic unit of life, harness energy to facilitate its day-to-day activities.
Structure of the Cell
This is what determines how a cell will harness the energy to survive.
hint: A cell is either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic.
Photosynthesis
A cellular process that harnesses energy from the sun to make food.
Cellular respiration
A cellular process that uses food and oxygen to produce energy, which the organism can use for its activities.
Photosynthesis in prokaryotes
This process of photosynthesis may occur in specialized pigmented structures called plastids or within the pigmented cell membranes.
Photosynthesis in eukaryotes
This process of photosynthesis occurs inside the cell’s chloroplast.
Chloroplast
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic cells.
Plastid
The specialized pigment structure where photosynthesis occurs in prokaryotic cells.
Thylakoids
The coin-shaped structures inside of the chloroplast.
Granum
The stack of thylakoids inside of the chloroplast.
Stroma
The fluid-filled cavity where grana is stored inside of the chloroplast.
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Light Energy
These are the requirements for a chloroplast to undergo photosynthesis.
Sugar and oxygen
These are the products once a chloroplast undergoes photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
This is the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
hint: Carbon Dioxide + Water + light energy = Glucose + Oxygen
Light-Dependent Reactions
These reactions occur inside the thylakoids.
Light-Dependent Reactions
These reactions require light and oxygen in order to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
The complete term for “NADPH”.
Adenosine Triphosphate
The complete term for “ATP”.
First step of Light-Dependent Reactions
In this step, light exposure towards the chlorophyll triggers the photosystem to produce electrons, which will then travel to the primary electron acceptor.
Second step of Light-Dependent Reactions
In this step, the electrons are relayed from the primary electron acceptor to a series of proteins until they are finally captured by the NADP+ which forms NADPH.
Third step of Light-Dependent Reactions
In this process, the lost electrons in the photosystem will be replaced by electrons of water; and after it loses its electrons, water will become oxygen.
Fourth step of Light-Dependent Reactions
In this process, a concentration of H+ builds up in the thylakoid space, which creates a concentration gradient that makes an ATP synthase turn like a turbine and generates energy in the form of ATP.
Calvin Cycle
Once the process of photosynthesis finishes, the ATP and NADPH will proceed to this phase.
Light-Independent Reactions
These reactions occur in the stroma.
Light-Independent Reactions
These reactions does not require water and sunlight in order to undergo photosynthesis.
First step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this process, Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) will combine with CO² to form a 6-Carbon compound.
Ribulose biphosphate
Also known as RuBP, this is a 5-carbon molecule compound required in the first (1st) step of light-independent reactions.
Second step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, the 6-carbon compound will break into two 3-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA).
Phosphoglycerate
These are the molecules formed in the second (2nd) step in light-independent reactions.
Third step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, a series of redox reactions through ATP and NADPH, produced earlier by light-dependent reactions, will turn PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL).
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Also known as PGAL, this is the product created by ATP and NADPH through a series of redox reactions.
Fourth step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, steps 1-3 will occur three (3) times and produces a total of 6 PGAL molecules.
Fifth step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, 5 PGAL molecules will be used to regenerate 3 RuBP molecules, with the remaining PGAL molecules set aside.
Fifth step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, a total of 15 carbon elements have been used.
(5 Carbons of RuBP x 3 RuBP used).
Sixth step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, steps 1-5 will occur again, adding one (1) net unit of PGAL for 2 PGAL molecules.
Sixth step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, two (2) 3-carbon PGAL were used for a total of six (6) carbon elements.
Seventh step of Light-Independent Reactions
In this step, the 6 carbon elements will be used to produce one (1) unit of glucose (C6H12O6).
Sugar and oxygen
These are the requirements for a cell to undergo cellular respiration.
Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Energy
These are the products once a cell undergoes the process of cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
This is the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
Hint: Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Glycolysis
This process will split glucose using 2 ATP molecules, which will transform it into two (2) pyruvate molecules.
Aerobic Respiration
In this specific process, the pyruvate will go into the mitochondria.
Mitochondria
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Pyruvate oxidation
This process will oxidize one (1) pyruvate molecule using a molecule called NAD+ and combine with coenzyme A to produce CO², NADH, and actyl-CoA.
Krebs Cycle
This process will use the Acetyl-CoA as a reactant to turn oxalate into citrate, which ultimately produce CO², NADH, FADH², and ATP.
It occurs at least two (2) times.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
This process will transport electrons across a series of proteins, which creates a concentration gradient of H+ that is used to generate energy in the form of ATP.
