APUSH Period 3

Ohio River Valley

Region of fertile land along the Ohio River, British & French both active in fishing, hunting, and farming there, disputed territory, led to French & Indian War

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area; The English won

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown but first attempted at all colonies working together

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac who opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government after the F&I War which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Sugar Act and Stamp Act 1764

Economic policies imposed by Great Britain following the French and Indian War, taxes on paper and sugar from Caribbean

Townshend Acts (1767)

Put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea, caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced the power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troops in barns and empty houses

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed, Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war

Boston Tea Party (1773)

American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor to protest tea tax

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion…American colonists resented the expansion of Quebec's borders into territory they weren't allowed to settle in due to the Proclamation of 1763, but the French settlers could

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies, emphasized reason and the scientific method; focused on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

First Continental Congress (1774)

Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the Declaration and Resolves in which they:

Declared the Intolerable Acts void, declared militias be formed & a boycott of British imports.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

1st battles of Revolutionary War, in Massachusetts, "shot heard round the world"

Second Continental Congress (1775)

A convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition to George, adopted the Declaration of Independence

Continental Army

Formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington to direct all troops

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Last colonial offering of peace; King George III in response ruled colonies to be in open rebellion

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

1776 Pamphlet that argued in clear, logical language that the colonies should break with Britain, argued that it was contrary to common sense to allow small England to rule large colonies an ocean away, very inspiring

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children & that their role was to raise the country's leaders…led to more education for women

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788, purposely weak, no executive branch, no judicial branch, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade, no power to organize a federal military

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood and prohibited slavery

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 Massachusetts rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes, exposed problems with Articles of Confederation since a federal military couldn't be sent to put down rebellion

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States

The Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution in which the number of state representatives would be determined by state population; favored larger states and prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan

New Jersey Plan

"Small state" plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.

Great Compromise

Decisions made in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature (Senate) and representation based on population in the other house (House of Representatives)

3/5 Compromise

The decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of determining how many seats each state would have in Congress: count 3 people toward the population for every 5 slaves

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption (ratification), supported large federal govt.; George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, believed too strong of a federal govt. would limit state power & democracy; Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail and encourage the nation to support it

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added at request of Antifederalists to guarantee basic human rights since they were not originally stated in Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury, he advocated creation of a national bank, the assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, creation of the National Bank, increased tariffs, excise tax on whiskey, federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

Tarrif

A tax on imported goods, helps increase govt's revenue but can sometimes hurt domestic consumers who have to pay higher prices of goods

National Bank

a bank chartered, or licensed, by the national government, created by Hamilton in 1791

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Issued by President George Washington in 1793 declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France & to not intervene in French Revolution

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Kentucky riflemen defeated several Indian tribes in Ohio valley after hearing they had been working with the British and getting weapons from them; Treaty of Greenville brought an end to Indian resistance in the

Northwest.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Agreement that said England would evacuate a series of forts in U.S. territory along the Great Lakes; in return, the United States agreed to pay pre-Revolutionary War debts owed to Britain. The British also partially opened the West Indies to American shipping. The treaty was barely ratified in the face of strong opposition & disliked by many Americans

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion which showed that the new government could react effectively to problems, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

Urged Americans to avoid political party splits, to be careful of issues that come with geographical differences; warned against alliances with other nations & involvement with foreign affairs

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic conflict between France and the US when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. American sailors waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean: Quasi War

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Passed by Federalists, signed by President John Adams, increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify (make void) federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Election of 1800

Jefferson elected; defeats Adams, first peaceful, orderly transfer of power via competitive elections, Called "Revolution of 1800"

American Revolution dates

1775-1783

French & Indian War dates

1754-1763

Declaration of Independence date

1776

Constitution date

1787

American Revolutionary War

The war in which American colonists fought for independence from Britain who ruled over America as a monarchy. America won, achieved its independence, and became a democracy