Psychoanalysis Ch.16

A case can be made that all components of the theory

Existed prior to the theory

Leibniz manadology proposed

Levels of awareness from clear to unaware

Goethe described human existence

As consisting of a constant struggle between conflicting emotional and tendencies, influenced Freud

Who was one of Freud’s favorite authors?

Goethe

Her art suggested that there was

A threshold above which an idea is conscious, and below which an idea is unconscious

Schopenhauer believed that humans were

Governed more by irrational desires than by reason

What did Schopenhauer anticipate?

Concepts of repression and sublimation

Nietzsche saw humans as

Engaged in a perpetual battle between the irrational and rational

Freud narrowed components of

Fechner and Helmholtz

Fechner’s borrowed components

Concept of the iceberg to explain consciousness and unconsciousness

Helmholtz’s borrowed concepts

The conservation of energy within humans influenced Freud to postulate use of psychics energy to be distributed in various ways

Freud’s Theory

It may be said that his theory was a synthesizing of his philosophical heritage and a product of the Zeitgeist of his time

Freud’s nationality?

AUSTRIAN

Freud is the father of?

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Early development of Freud

An interest in hysteria and it psychological roots after working with patients suffering from the condition

Freud’s influence of parents relationship

Knowledge of his parents’ relationship and the relationship with his mother influenced him greatly

Role of Ernst Burke

Credited Burke as the person who most influenced him during his medical studies

Freud’s experience with cocaine

Found it very beneficial and had no side effects

• recommended to colleagues, colleague got addicted and died

• Medical reputation damaged and led to skepticism of his theory

Freud worked with who on the famous case of Anna O.

Breuer

Breuer’s findings in Anna O.

Used hypnosis, found that discovering the origin of her physical symptoms, usually traumatic, resulted in symptom being relieved

What did Breuer call his method in the case of Anna O.

Cathartic method

-phenomena which were to be called transference and counter transference, were also observed during this case

Jean-Martin Charcot’s influence

Freud studied with him for a while, during which time he he learned several lessons which later influenced him in his work

Freud found hypnosis to be

Ineffective in several cases and this attempted to find another method

Development of free association

Fried found that simply encouraging the patient to speak freely about whatever comes to mind seemed to work just as well as hypnosis at uncovering memories once you can get past the resistance displayed by the patient

Ideas of psychoanalysis- symptoms

Can be symbolic representation of underlying traumatic experiences or conflicts, which are repressed

• repressed experience or conflict do not go away

According to Freud, the most effective ways to make repressed material conscious is

Through free association

Unconscious motivation

Important elements of psychoanalysis and Freud emphasized the role of sex in unconscious motivation

What did Freud conclude was the basis of all hysteria?

Sexual attack (seduction)

• seduction theory

• Later abandoned idea

Why dreams?

Became a second method for tapping into the unconscious, could be symbolic representation of repressed thoughts

• all because Freud said he couldn’t psychoanalyze himself, or use free association on himself

Method of dream analysis

• manifest content

• Latent content

• Wish fulfillment

Manifest content

What the dream is apparently about (description)

Latent content

What the dream is really about (interpretation and symbolism)

Wish fulfillment

Every dream is a wish fulfillment, a symbolic expression of a wish that the dreamer could not express or satisfy directly without experiencing anxiety

to analyze dreams properly, one must be

trained and understand dream work

dream work

disguises the wish actually actually being expressed in the dream

dream work includes

1. condensation

2. displacement

Condensation in dream work

one element of a dream symbolizes several things in waking life

displacement

where one dreams about something symbolically similar to an anxietyprovoking event

oedipus complex

Through Freud’s own dream analysis, he confirmed his belief that young males tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. From this, infantile sexuality became an important ingredient in his general theory of unconscious motivation.

Parapraxes

relatively minor errors in everyday living

Example of parapraxes

slips of the toungue, forgetting things, losing things, small accidents, and mistakes in writing

All behavior is

motivated

the cause of behavior are usually

unconscious

People seldom know why

they act as they dp

What does it mean to say behavior is overdetermined

means that behavior often has more than one cause.

Humor according to frued

People often use humor in the form of jokes to express unacceptable sexual and aggressive tendencies.

religion according to freud

The basis of religion is the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity

When was Frued invited to clark univeristy

1909

Freud’s lectures

lectures were criticized, but reactions were generally favorable

Who did frued go to Clark univeristy with

Jung and Ferenczi, in 1909 by G. Stanley Hall.

Frued’s Introductory lectures of Psychoanalysis

His series of five lectures was later expanded into his influential Introductory Lectures of Psychoanalysis.

After Freud’s visit to clark university

Freud’s fame and that of psychoanalysis grew very rapidly

Freuds early theory differentiated among

1. the conscious

2. the preconscious

3. the unconscious

the conscious

those things of which we are aware at a given moment

the preconscious

things of which we are not awrae but of which we could become easily aware

the unconscious

memories which are being actively repressed

Late, Frued expaneded his early theroies with concepts of

1. the id

2. ego

3. and superego

ID

• contains all instinct

• entirely unconscious

• goverened by pelasure principle

• libido

the collective energy of insticals is called

libido, and accounts for most human behavior

ego

• aware of the needs of the id and the physical world

• major job is to coordinate the tow

• it is to satisfy the id’s needs and desired by the reality principle because it satisfies the needs in the real world

superego

• moral part of personality

• it has two divisions

  1. the conscience

  2. the ego-deal

what experiences does the conscious contain? (superego)

contains the experiences for which the child has been consistently punished, engaging in in or thinking about

• engagin in these actvities causes the child to feel guilty,

what experiences does the the ego-deal (superego ) contain

contains the experiences for which the child has been rewarded

• engaging or thinking about engaging in such activities makes the child feel good about themself

Life instincts (eros)

• include sex

• hunger

• thirts'

instincts prolong. life

Death instincts (thanatos)

seeks to terminate life

• manifest as suicide, masochism, or aggression

three types of anxiety

1. objective

2. neurotic

3. moral

what is the egos job in relation with anxiety

to deal with anxiety

to deal with objective anxiety, the ego must

deal with the physical environment

to deal with neurotic and moral anxiety, the ego must

use one of more processes callled ego defense mechanism

ego defense mechanisms

1. repression

2. displacement

3. sublimation

4. projection

5. identification

6. rationalization

7. reaction formation

repression

Ideas, memories, desires which are in the unconscious can enter consciousness only in disguised form so that they do not cause anxiety.

displacement

Replacing an object or goal that produces anxiety with one that does not

sublimation

The expression of sexual urges indirectly through socially acceptable ways such as poetry, art, religion, or other ways.

projection

When one sees undesirable urges and secret desires as belonging to another person, not one’s self.

identification

One begins to act like someone else to fulfill needs.

rationalization

Providing a rational, logical but false reason for a failure or shortcoming.

reaction formation

When a person has a desire to do something but doing it could cause great anxiety, they do the opposite of what they really want to do.

what did freud believe the process of development was?

at different ages there are different erogenous zones

• correspond to the part of the body on which sexual pleasure is concetrated

each stage of frued’s development refers to a

particular erogenous zone

according to Frued, the experiences a child has during each stage determines

his or her adult personality

• experiences could result in the person becoming fixated at that stage and affect personality as an adult

Oral stage age

first year of life

Oral stage description

-erogenous zone is the mouth

fixations at oral stage

results in either two types

• a good listener but also an excessive eater, drinker, kisser, or smoker

• gullible, or sarcatic, cynical, and agressive

Anal stage age

second year of life

anal stage description

erogenous zone is the anus-buttocks area

fixations in anal stage

• generous, messy and wasteful or,

• tends to be a collector, stingy, orderly, and perfectionist

phallic stage age

third year through fifth year

phallus stage description

erogenous zone is the genital area

• most important events during the stage are the oedipal complex

• resolved when identifying with same sex parents

Oedipal complex continued

The young girl notices that she does not have a penis and blames the mother. She knows her father has a penis and wants to share with him, and she develops penis envy. Identifying with the mother and repressing her feelings toward her father resolve this.

• The identification with the same-sex parent in both cases results in the development of the superego.

Identification with the same sex parents results in the development of the

superego

Latency age stage

6th year to puberty

latency stage description

libido is repressed such that there is no erogenous zone

• Substitute activities are schoolwork, peer-related activities, and curiosity about the world.

genital stage age

puberty through remainder of life

genital stage

The focus is again on the genital area with an interest in the opposite sex

• If everything has gone well in the preceding stages, this stage will culminate in dating and eventually marriage.

Freud and his followers attempted to create an image of Freud being a

lonely, heroic figure who was discriminated against because he was Jewish.

The medical community’s view of freud

s ideas were so revolutionary that the established medical community could not accept them.

In “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” Freud wrote that

none of Freud’s patients reported a seduction of any kin

Freud manipulation during therapy

There is evidence now that that he manipulated events during therapy as to confirm that hysteria had a sexual origin.

Reality of repressed memories

current debate over the accuracy of repressed memories.

• Many researchers accept them as valid, but many do not.

Based on Elizabeth Loftus’s research, most if not all reports of represssed memories are

false