MCAT Chemistry

Delta waves

Slow brain waves, low freq. & high amplitude; in NREM/deep sleep

Beta waves

most common daytime brain wave; associated w/ alertness, concentration, & other engaging activities. Also appear in REM; higher freq. than the others

Alpha waves

Wave displayed on EEGs when one is tired but awake w/ closed eyes; appear in REM

Theta waves

Wave when one is drowsy/ just fallen asleep, or in a light sleep; associated w/ deep relaxation

Barbiturates

meds that produce drowsiness

Lysozymes

Secreted by salivary glands (in saliva)

Amylase

Digests carbs

Lipase

Digests lipids

Nuclease

Digests nucleic acids

Protease

Digests proteins

Bile

Helps digestion of fats

Assimilation

Process of absorption & utilization of the digested nutrients

Bile is secreted from ____ into the ______________

Liver into the small intestine

Paneth cells

secrete defensins & lysozymes; present at base of intestinal glands; produces antimicrobial peptides

Chief cells

Secrete pepsinogen; in stomach; also secretes lipase

G cells

secrete hormones; in base of gastric glands;

Parietal cells

secrete intrinsic factors; in gastric glands of the stomach; secrete HCl/ promotes acid production

Glycolysis produces ______ per glucose & extrudes ______ for each ____

Produces 2 ATP per glucose & 3 Na+ is extruded for each ATP

H. Pylori

Can lead to gastric cancer if genetic mutations occur in proliferating somatic cells

Leukocytes

These gravitate towards inflammation

Glucose

Raises osmotic pressure & dehydrates cells

Hyperglycemia

Normally causes insulin secretion

Conjugation, transformation, & transduction

Bacteria exchanges genes by 3 processes:

Conjugation

Sex pilus of bacterium transfers to another bacterium; involves fertility (F) factor

Transformation

bacteria takes DNA from surroundings