Developmental and Cognitive Models of Working Memory in Psychology

What is the capacity of short-term memory (STM)?

7 ± 2 items

How long can information remain active in short-term memory without rehearsal?

15-30 seconds

What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?

One retains information, while the other manipulates and stores it.

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in working memory?

It is involved in maintaining and manipulating information.

What are the two types of signals discussed in relation to memory representation?

"Representation" (informational content) and "Control signal" (pointer to information).

What hypothesis suggests that control signals are located in the prefrontal cortex?

Sensory Recruitment Hypothesis.

What does the dual-task paradigm measure in working memory?

The impact of a secondary task on the performance of a primary task.

What are the components of Baddeley's model of working memory?

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad.

What is the function of the phonological loop?

It processes spoken and written material.

What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

It stores and processes visual and spatial information.

What is the main claim of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model of memory?

STM and LTM rely on different cognitive systems.

What happens to unattended information in sensory memory?

It is lost.

What is the duration of iconic memory?

Less than 0.5 seconds.

What is the effect of maintenance rehearsal on long-term memory?

It helps retain information in long-term memory.

What is the significance of the N-back demo in working memory studies?

It demonstrates the manipulation of information in working memory.

What type of memory is primarily affected in patient PV?

Short-term verbal memory.

What is the conclusion drawn from patient MV's performance on spatial and visual tasks?

Impaired spatial memory but intact visual memory.

What is the role of the central executive in working memory?

It coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

What does the term 'dual task costs' refer to?

The decrease in performance on a primary task when a secondary task is added.

What is the relationship between semantic and phonological tasks in testing memory?

They assess different aspects of memory: meaning vs. sound.

How does the sensory recruitment account of working memory explain memory storage?

It suggests that information is maintained in the perceptual areas where it is processed.

What is the impact of crossing neural circuits on dual-task performance?

It can lead to increased dual-task costs.