QUIZLET CAN AND WILL SUCK IT

I SAID WHAT I SAID

Causes of Oil Pollution

Urban run-off
Oil tanker washing
Accidents involving oil tankers

Damages due to Oil pollution

Oil toxicity due to ingestion
Physical Damage
Disturbs food chains
Damage to Ecosystems

Alternatives to Oil

Wind energy
Tidal/Wave Energy
Solar Energy
Any other Renewable energy

Bioaccumulation

The gradual accumulation of substances, like chemicals or pesticides, where an organism absorbs a substance faster than at which it is lost.

Biomagnification

A concentration of toxins in an organism due to ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more disbursed.

Causes of Sewage disposal

Sediments that reduce light penetration
Reduced O2 from decompositions
Altered mineral ion concentration
Reduced Biodiversity

Refuse disposal

material that has been discard, causes mircoplastics from degradation

Desalination

The process of removing salts from ocean water to be used as drinking water or irrigation

Impacts of desalination

Effects on marine organisms due to removal of salt/water
Effects of returning concentred brine (concentrated salt solution) to the marine environment

Density, Salinity

Brine from distillation plants is very hot, but high in \_________

Sinks to the bottom, changing water temperatures and increasing \__________

Not good for waters already in high temperatures

Mircoplastics, Primary Plastics, Secondary Plastics

Plastic particles with a diameter less than 5mm: \__________

Plastics mostly smaller than 5mm (cosmetics, clothes, mircobeads): \__________

Mircoplastics produced from the breakdown of larger pieces (plastic bags, bottle pieces, trash): \__________

Biodegradable

Mircoplastics are NOT \___________ but can breakdown into secondary plastics

The Cause Of The Breakdown Of Mircoplastics

UV Radiation - the affect of light on chemicals, called photodegredation

Wind/Wave Action - Physical weathering

Temperature - Plastics will break down faster if its hotter

Impacts of Mircoplastics

Uptake of micro plastics by plankton
Transfer up the food chain
Absorption and release of toxins
Risk to humans (health issues, like low sperm count and thyroid issues)

Limiting Mircoplastics

Intergovernmental Agreement
National Government Politices
Individual Consumers
Local Group

Greenhouse effect

Gases in the atmosphere trap heat, which warms up the plant surface temperatures. (CO2, Methane, CFC'S)

Human impact on global warming

Higher CO2 concentration
Combustion of fossil fuels
Deforestation
Changes in global temps, ocean currents, and solar radiation

Impacts of global warming

Melting of Polar Ice Caps
Rise in Sea-Level
Reduction in Salinity
Habitat Loss
Ocean Acidification

Ocean Acidification

An increase of CO2 in the ocean because of diffusion, causes a drop in ph levels since there is an increase in hydrogen ions. These ions react with carbonate ions and produce hydrogen carbonate ions. Because of this, there is less carbonate in the water, which is needed by corals to make shells.

How to promote conservation

Carryout research regarding human impact
Raise awareness
Create conservation projects
Protect future populations of organisms to preserve ecosystems
Avoid extinction

Why conservation is important

Habitat Loss
Mangroves being destroyed
Coral reefs dying
Seagrass Meadows
Overfishing
Pollution and Refuse
Coastal development being limited

International union for conservation of nature (IUCN)

A red list that provides info about ranges, population size, habitat, threats, potential conversation methods

Endangered species requirements

Significant reduction in population over 10 years

Small geographical range

population size of fewer than 250 mature individuals

population size of fewer of 2500 mature and declining

More than 20% risk of extinction within 20 years

Invasive species

Outcompetes natural fish
Lack of the threat of predation
Consume native species
Spread disease
Alters Habitats

Importance of conservation groups

protects species by banning fishing/hunting
Increases population by adding food source
Conservation of habitat which promotes biodiversity
Restoring habitats
Removing sources of pollution
Controlling global population
Raising public awareness

Marine Protected Areas (MPA)

Conservation of areas of the ocean that are highly regulated, which are varied
Most intense called "No Take" Reserve (no fishing)

How MPAs help

Provides safety areas with no human interference
Allows for general protection for specific or diff. groups
Allows for biodiversity
Legislation that protects ecosystems

Marine Zoos and Aquariums

Controversy (due to taking organisms out of their natural habitat)
Safely raises animals away from hunting
Breeding programs
Scientific research
Education visitors/Raises awareness
Uses funds to promote research

Ecotourism

Tourism based on the appreciation of the natural environment causes benefits from economical gain and awareness, or negatives, ie pollution from tourists or habitat destruction for entertainment

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Org (UNESCO)

Establishes areas around the world to help balance the needs of people.
Designated areas where sustainable human activity, research, and education occur together with conservation

light microsope, see through, magnification, 10x, live

a \_______________ works by placing the specimen on a slide located on the stage and shining a light through it for the process to work, only small, \__________ organisms can be used \___________ is calculated by objective lens and the eyepiece standard magnification is \________ \_____ specimens can be used

magnification lens sizes

small lens: 4x
medium lens: 10x
large: 100x

dye, methylene, iodine

to be able to see the specimen, a \_______ or stain is required because of the light. \_______ is used for animal cells \_______ is used for plant cells

resolution

smallest distance between two points that can be
detected the more \_______, the better details you see

resolving power

depends on the wavelength of the
light Best resolution of a light microscope is 200nm.

electron microscopes, less, electromagnets, vacuum, lead, osmium

\______________ use a beam of electrons. Resolving power is \______ than 1nm (200,000x). Lens inside the microscope are \_____________ and display the image on a computer screen. To avoid electron particles colliding with air, the specimen is placed in a \________. Colored stains are replaced with heavy metals such as \_______ or \________. Large size/fixed in a room extremely small objects

transmission electron microscope

work by shooting electron lasers on the organism, in which the electrons will go through the specimen and show up on the microscope as a 2D figure

scanning electron microscope

electrons will bounce off the specimen and go upwards. A 3d figure will project, because it works like a sonar, giving a surface texture

lower, less, colors, expensive, skilled

light microscopes:
• \_______ resolution
• Cheaper to purchase and use
• Portable
• Staining is \______ harsh
• Living specimens possible
• \________ are visible
• Less skill required electron microscopes:
• Higher resolution
• \_______ to purchase and run
• Fixed in a room
• Staining is harsh, damaging
• Living specimens not possible
• Colors not visible
• Only \______ operators

cell organelles

• Cell Surface Membrane
• Nucleus
• Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes
• Golgi Body
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Cell Wall
• Large Vacuole

lipids, glycerol, hydrophilic, hydrophobic

The cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) is made of two layers of \______. Phospholipids are a \_______ (phosphate that serves as the \__________ head) attached to 2 fatty acids (triglycerides serving as the \__________ tails).

protect, semi permeable, carrier, channel, match

The \#1 job of the phospholipid bilayer is to \________ the cell. It is made of phosphorus, lipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Phospholipid bilayers are \___________; that is, their protein channels determine what goes in and out (water, nutrients, proteins, etc.). \_______ proteins (have access to channels) help to transport by binding to substances and change shape as they move across. \________ proteins open and close to move molecules across the membrane. Essentially, the shape of a passing protein has to \_______ with the shape of the channel.

temperature, colder, expands, bind, collide, denatured

A factor that affects the permeability is \_____________. The \_______ the temperature, the more the bilayer constricts. The hotter, it \_______. High temperatures will change the protein, not allowing for them to . They change shape because when particles move faster they \________ with each other which bends their shape, which prevents the particles from being accepted into the cell (_ protein).

cholesterol, prevents, tails, mobility

\_________ helps to maintain the fluidity of the membrane. A factor affecting this process is cholesterol and temperature. Low temperatures: keeps the membrane fluid.
High temperatures: \________ the membrane from becoming too fluid. Cholesterol is usually found between the \________.
It is also cohesive- in which it can stick to other substances. If cholesterol were to float out of the membrane, it could attach to other particles and take away the \_______ of the membrane (cell dies)

nucleus, dna

the \________ has a job of containing the primary source of \________ in a cell controls the cell in a way without this organelle the cell cannot function

reproduce, adenine, guanine, organelles

The nucleus instructions particularly include when to \________ and die.
The nucleus contains two tips, one inside and one outside. During reproduction, the tips release nucleic acids adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
\_______ must always pair up with thymine. Cytosine always pairs with \________. When they pair up, the nucleic acid strand becomes longer. The nucleus can also control how many and how \__________ reproduce

atp, caudal fin

certain cells are designed to mass produce \_____ (energy). These are the \________ cells, in which they will contain more mitochondria. This is to avoid predation and to have energy to catch prey. ATP is used to make ATP, as 3 phosphates are in ATP and one is released to make more

rough, smooth, flat, tubular

\_______ endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes, and the \______ endoplasmic reticulum does not Rough ER appears like \_____ panels, while smooth ER is more \______.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes ribosomes will always be around the nucleus because the ribosomes make protein, in order to do that they need genetic material, so it must be close

rna, dna, ribosomes, replicated

DNA cannot leave the nucleus, but \_______ can. DNA is the double helix, and RNA is one of the strands. When \_____ is splitting apart, one RNA is pulled (mRNA), in which it will leave the nucleus with instructions on how the \_______ can make protein. The remaining RNA will be \_______ to make a complete DNA strand in the nucleus.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes steroid hormones. In reproductive organs, this organelle is larger to make more hormones for reproduction.

chromatin

(contained inside nucleus)
nucleic acids and proteins joined together bundled together to surround the nucleolus

nucleolus

produces RNA for ribosomes

cisternae

flat membrane in rough endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

made of protein and RNA Main function is protein synthesis Found free floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough
ER

golgi body

transports proteins (chemical modification of proteins) series of parallel stacks of membrane pouches (aka cisternae)

rough, cis face, budding, trans face, vesicle

Protein synthesized in the \________ endoplasmic reticulum buds off and moves to the golgi body This vesicle fuses to the \_______ (entrance) of the golgi, in which the protein is modified (it will be surrounded with its slime and snap off aka \______) The golgi releases the modified protein from the \______ (exit) in a \______ Vesicle moves to and fuses to the cell membrane to release the protein broken part of the golgi body will grow back

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell it functions by producing ATP (form of energy) through aerobic respiration (both plant/animal cells) Cells with high energy requirements will have more
of these, like muscle cells Cylindrical shape structure with a double membrane Inner membrane folded and filled with enzyme and sugars
used for respiration Also contains free floating ribosomes and DNA

atp, nucleic, saved, set, oxygen, aerobic, ribosomes

to make \_______, the mitochondria will take in \______ acids and chemicals, then mixes it all together. Once this organelle makes ATP, some will be used for energy and the rest will be \_____ to make more ATP this organelle has a \____ size, and to make atp one element that is vital is \_______ (used in the process but not part of the structure) this process is called \_______ respiration the oxygen is used to bind enzymes and sugar together mitochondria contains dna and its own set of \_________

chloroplast, photosynthesis, spread, stroma, thylakoids, glucose, all, grana, granum, light, mitochondria

The \_________ is only found in plant cells, and is used in . In plant cells, multiple chloroplasts can be found \________ out. The chloroplast can be compared to a double-membrane sack filled with a gel-like substance () for suspension with little structures inside (\__________). When light hits the entire organelle, the thylakoids make \________. The light only hits the top thylakoid, so it passes down light energy to the lower levels and so on until it reaches the bottom, thus \_____ the thylakoids are making glucose. A stack of thylakoids is called a \_______ or . The light-dependent phase of photosynthesis occurs when \______ is present (chloroplast), and the light-independent phase occurs when light is not present (\___).

cell wall, polysaccharide, structure, bursting, cellulose, fibrils, middle lamella, calcium

The \________________ is only found in plant cells (and some fungi and bacteria cells), and adds protection to the plant cell • Made of a \____________ cellulose • Provide \_______ and support for the whole organism • Prevents cell \_________ due to inflow of water; also adds prevention against water loss • Sugar molecules (\________ and chitin) form hydrogen bonds together as \_______ (very strong). Thus cell walls also act as a sugar storage location. • \____________ is the outer layer of the cell wall (\________ pectate) and is like a glue to other cell walls

large vacuole, permanent, waste, plants, cell sap, low, fluids, tonoplast

\__________ acts for storage, in which it can store CO2, water, etc. Plant and animal cells have vacuoles but only plant cells have a
large \_________ vacuole In mammals, the vacuole stores \_______ and the cell excretes it out through the bloodstream and out as waste. In \_______, the vacuole stores \________ (fluid containing salts and sugars). This fluid has \______ water potential (invites water in to maintain pressure; keeps plant supported) Vacuoles can only store \_____. Its outer membrane is called a \___________

magnification, image length, actual length, convert

the formula for magnification: m \= i / a m is \____________
i is \___________
a is \__________ to calculate magnification correctly, you will have to know how to \_______ the units from one unit of measurement to another. this formula can be manipulated

diffusion

the attraction of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

concentration gradient

the direction in which a substance is flowing towards and where it is flowing from (like flow of traffic) can reverse back and forth until there is the same number of proteins inside and outside of the cell (homeostasis)

active, passive

\_______ transport requires energy because it goes against the
concentration gradient \_______ transport does not require energy and goes with the
concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

when polar substances diffuse through carrier or protein channels. occurs when the concentration gradient and diffusion is coincidentally moving in the same direction In a cell with this diffusion the enzyme does not need to be shaped to pass through the membrane, it is moved through automatically

osmosis

the movement of water from a higher water potential to a lower water potential across a membrane

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

the area of high concentration is \_________
the area of low concentration is \__________
equal concentration is \__________

salinity

\________ is the one factor that can affect the level of water inside fish, by either increasing or decrease it.

salt, diffusion

Saltwater fish will use \_______ to balance pressure, in which they will control the salt in their body through \_______ (salt will move in and out of the body).

surface area, large, size, proportional

The \_____________ of gills determine how much oxygen a fish can take in and how much co2 you can take out. In order to maximize gaseous exchange, organisms need to have a \_______ surface area. As the \______ of the organisms increase, both the surface area and volume increase, but NOT in a \________ or linear relationship

/

Surface area to volume ratio SA:VR \= SA \___ V

increase, volume, increases, decreases

in marine organisms higher surface area will \___________ diffusion but greater \________ will decrease rate of diffusion (distance to
center of organism increases) Higher SA:VR \= \_______ rate of diffusion
Lower SA:VR \= \_______ rate of diffusion

gill arch, oxygenated, muscle, deoxygenated, heart, oxygen, co2, oxygen, high, gill filaments, oxygen

In the \________, there is one artery and one vein. The artery carries \________ blood from the heart to the \_______, and the veins carry \____________ blood from the muscle to the \_______. These blood cells travel carrying \______ to an area that needs it, and picks up the \_____ while doing so to get rid of it. Blood travels through the circulatory system in one direction. As water passes through gill filaments, the fish must maintain the area of low concentration with \_______ and the area of \_____ concentration with co2. This is done by accumulating co2 into the \__________ and holding it there (diffusion will occur). The co2 will diffuse from the gill filaments into the water, and \________ will diffuse from the water into the gill filament.

temperature, oxygen, salinity

Marine environments are usually stable but still go through changes in \____________, \____________ concentration, and \__________.

temperature, concentration, passive, surface area

Diffusion of gases in and out of cells and other tissues is affected by several factors:
• \___________
• \__________ gradient
• Distance moved (because
it's a \_________ transport)
• \____________ of exchange
surface

increases, kinetic, decreases

As temperature increases the rate of diffusion \_________(more \_______ energy), as temperature \_________ the rate of diffusion decreases

difference, muscle, greater, rapid, higher, circulation, ventilation

The greater the \_______ between concentration of 2 places
(\________ cell and blood) the \_______ the rate of diffusion Marine organisms have evolved to keep this diffusion occurring as \_______ as possible and to keep concentration of oxygen \______ in
water than in their blood.
The Evolution: Transport Systems (\________) and \________ Movements (gills)

faster, thinner, thicker

The shorter the distance to travel during diffusion, the \______ the rate.\_______ filaments allow for faster diffusion (small fish) and \________ filaments the opposite (bigger fish)

greater, faster, slower, more, less

The \________ the surface area the greater the rate of diffusion the surface area of a gill filament also affects diffusion such that a smaller surface area makes diffusion \______ (shorter distance), and a larger surface area makes diffusion \______ (longer distance). Longer filaments have more surface area, so \_____ can diffuse, and shorter filaments have less surface area, so \_____ can diffuse

gaseous exchange

the uptake of oxygen and release of CO2 by cells or other surfaces

gaseous exchange, surface, increased, bladder, intake, equilibrium

Small fish go through \_____________ throughout their entire body. It's important for marine organisms to move waste to the \________ of their body. When salinity is \________ and diffusion moves salt into the fish, the fish will concentrate the salt into the \________ and excrete it out.
Here, the fish will experience water loss to make room for salt- to combat this the fish will \________ more water. Fish with a smaller volume will reach \__________ faster even if they have the same surface area.

efficient, water, cells, size, circulatory

Marine organisms have evolved a range of methods to ensure
\________ gaseous exchange
• Using water as a medium (they always want more O2 in the
\______ than their \______)
• \_______ and Shape of the organism
• Surface Area and Volume Ratio
• \_______ Systems (development of gills in larger organisms)

red blood cells, artery, take, heart, gills

\____________ travel through the circulatory system by starting at the capillary system located in the gill arches.
Oxygen is diffused from the water into the \______, which is then carried by a red blood cell and will travel to the muscle that needs oxygen.
After the red oxygenated red blood cell travels to the muscle, it will deliver the oxygen to the muscle, and \______ the co2 from the muscles and carries it away.
It will return through the sinus vein towards the atrium of the \______, and then it will be pumped into the \______, where it will release co2 and collect o2.
The process will repeat.

oxygen, caudal fin, capillary

Because \_______ is vital to the \_______ muscle tissue (must always be moving/producing energy to avoid predation/predate), a \_______ system is located near the caudal fin so oxygen is diffused there immediately

ram ventilation, never, swimming, gills, faster, muscle contraction, faster

\_______________ occurs when water is forced through the gills to diffuse oxygen into them. Specifically, animals that exhibit ram ventilation \_____ close their mouth and never stop \_______. Thus, by doing this, they force water into their mouth and through the \_____ to diffuse oxygen into their gills. In order for these fish to get a burst of oxygen, they must swim \_____. Ram ventilation requires no energy (no \__________). \_______ fish such as sharks, swordfish and sailfish all use ram ventilation.

pumped ventilation, not, muscle contraction, slower, operculum, buccal cavity, mouth, through, diffuse

\________________ requires energy. Pumped ventilation works by actively pumping water into the gills, and swimming is \_____ required, as \_____________ occurs. \_______ swimming fish, such as grouper, small reef fish, and mollusks display pumped ventilation. Pumped ventilation begins when a fish opens its mouth and closes the \________, making the \________ fill with water. Then it closes its \______ (increasing pressure) and opens the operculum, in which water is forced \_______. Oxygen from the water will \______ into the gill filaments. Then the fish will close the operculum and open its mouth.

pumped ventilation, greater, less, more

fish that go through \______________ can regulate the amount of oxygen they take in through taking \______ gaps between each muscle contraction (less contraction, \______ oxygen; \______ contraction more oxygen).

both, tuna, thicker

Some fish can display \_____ pumped and ram ventilation, such as \______. In this case, the gill filaments will be \________ (reinforced).

lungs, muscle tissue

Gaseous exchange occurs in 2 places: the \______, where you release co2 and take in oxygen; and in \___________ cells, when red blood cells deliver oxygen and take co2 from these tissues

osmotic, down, up

Fish use salt to equalize their \_______ pressure. When salinity goes down, fish need the salt content in their body to go \______; when salinity goes up, fish need the salt content in their bodies to go \_____

euryhaline, stenohaline

\__________ organisms can tolerate wide changes in salinity
\__________ organisms cannot tolerate wide changes in salinity

precipitation, mixing

Factors affecting salinity include:
-Temperature
-\__________ / Run-off
-Gaseous exchange
-\________

osmoregulators, process, balance, stenohaline, bony

\____________ are organisms that maintain a constant internal osmotic pressure that may differ from their environment. They
have to go through a \_______ to adapt to the salinity of the surrounding water (they actively maintain a particular salinity). In other words, they use the salt content in water to \_______ their internal osmotic pressure. They are \_____________, and a majority of \_____ fish belong to this category. Tuna are a good example.

osmoconformers, similar, stenohaline, zero , euryhaline, stenohaline

\____________ are organisms that have an internal body fluid salinity \______ to salinity levels of their surrounding water (small population). What happens to the surrounding water also happens to the them. Majority of these are \________ invertebrates and not resistant to major salinity changes. They have \____ net gain/loss of water when adapting to the salinity levels. They can also be \_________, and mussels are a good example. Clams, barnacles, and oysters are these as well. Freshwater organisms belonging to this group are \_________.

osmoregulation, salt, replace, gills, kidneys, magnesium, urine, replaces, low

Bony fish spend the entirety of time taking in salty water, because it is an action of \________________ to balance the amount of \_____ in their body and the environment. They constantly drink water to \______ water loss from osmosis, as salt ions are actively secreted by the \______ (through ATP), and the \_______ secrete \_________/sulfate ions (makes \______ concentrate). Drinking of water \______ water in the kidneys, which has become the \______ concentration area.

euryhaline, saltwater, ion pumps, hypertonic, replace, hypotonic, opposite, water, between, widens , high, high, hypotonic, high, dehydrates

Salmon in particular are \________, as they are born in freshwater then go to \_________ for ~2 years. This is a drastic change in salinity level. They can change the direction of \_________ depending on the water. Saltwater Environment: water is \________ (low water potential) they drink water to \______ loss from osmosis. Freshwater Environment: water is \_______ (high water potential) ion pumps move salts in \________ directions, taking salts into the blood. This is all about space: part of the energy that comes from an organism comes from the \______. There has to be energy \________ water molecules. If this space \______, this means that salt would fit in between. When water is hypertonic there is \_____ salinity and \_____ movement thus there is low potential for the water to have energy. In \________ water the salt content is low, thus there are more water molecules and more energy (water potential is \_____). This is because salt \___________ water.

photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

CO2, glucose, chemical, oxygen

Here, ??? and H2O are combined to make ??? . This is a ??? process, in which it takes CO2 and H2O, and separates the ??? from them. The oxygen in photosynthesis is a byproduct.