Plastic particles with a diameter less than 5mm: \__________
Plastics mostly smaller than 5mm (cosmetics, clothes, mircobeads): \__________
Mircoplastics produced from the breakdown of larger pieces (plastic bags, bottle pieces, trash): \__________
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Biodegradable
Mircoplastics are NOT \___________ but can breakdown into secondary plastics
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The Cause Of The Breakdown Of Mircoplastics
UV Radiation - the affect of light on chemicals, called photodegredation
Wind/Wave Action - Physical weathering
Temperature - Plastics will break down faster if its hotter
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Impacts of Mircoplastics
Uptake of micro plastics by plankton Transfer up the food chain Absorption and release of toxins Risk to humans (health issues, like low sperm count and thyroid issues)
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Limiting Mircoplastics
Intergovernmental Agreement National Government Politices Individual Consumers Local Group
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Greenhouse effect
Gases in the atmosphere trap heat, which warms up the plant surface temperatures. (CO2, Methane, CFC'S)
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Human impact on global warming
Higher CO2 concentration Combustion of fossil fuels Deforestation Changes in global temps, ocean currents, and solar radiation
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Impacts of global warming
Melting of Polar Ice Caps Rise in Sea-Level Reduction in Salinity Habitat Loss Ocean Acidification
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Ocean Acidification
An increase of CO2 in the ocean because of diffusion, causes a drop in ph levels since there is an increase in hydrogen ions. These ions react with carbonate ions and produce hydrogen carbonate ions. Because of this, there is less carbonate in the water, which is needed by corals to make shells.
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How to promote conservation
Carryout research regarding human impact Raise awareness Create conservation projects Protect future populations of organisms to preserve ecosystems Avoid extinction
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Why conservation is important
Habitat Loss Mangroves being destroyed Coral reefs dying Seagrass Meadows Overfishing Pollution and Refuse Coastal development being limited
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International union for conservation of nature (IUCN)
A red list that provides info about ranges, population size, habitat, threats, potential conversation methods
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Endangered species requirements
Significant reduction in population over 10 years
Small geographical range
population size of fewer than 250 mature individuals
population size of fewer of 2500 mature and declining
More than 20% risk of extinction within 20 years
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Invasive species
Outcompetes natural fish Lack of the threat of predation Consume native species Spread disease Alters Habitats
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Importance of conservation groups
protects species by banning fishing/hunting Increases population by adding food source Conservation of habitat which promotes biodiversity Restoring habitats Removing sources of pollution Controlling global population Raising public awareness
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Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
Conservation of areas of the ocean that are highly regulated, which are varied Most intense called "No Take" Reserve (no fishing)
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How MPAs help
Provides safety areas with no human interference Allows for general protection for specific or diff. groups Allows for biodiversity Legislation that protects ecosystems
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Marine Zoos and Aquariums
Controversy (due to taking organisms out of their natural habitat) Safely raises animals away from hunting Breeding programs Scientific research Education visitors/Raises awareness Uses funds to promote research
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Ecotourism
Tourism based on the appreciation of the natural environment causes benefits from economical gain and awareness, or negatives, ie pollution from tourists or habitat destruction for entertainment
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United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Org (UNESCO)
Establishes areas around the world to help balance the needs of people. Designated areas where sustainable human activity, research, and education occur together with conservation
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light microsope, see through, magnification, 10x, live
a \_______________ works by placing the specimen on a slide located on the stage and shining a light through it for the process to work, only small, \__________ organisms can be used \___________ is calculated by objective lens and the eyepiece standard magnification is \________ \_____ specimens can be used
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magnification lens sizes
small lens: 4x medium lens: 10x large: 100x
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dye, methylene, iodine
to be able to see the specimen, a \_______ or stain is required because of the light. \_______ is used for animal cells \_______ is used for plant cells
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resolution
smallest distance between two points that can be detected the more \_______, the better details you see
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resolving power
depends on the wavelength of the light Best resolution of a light microscope is 200nm.
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electron microscopes, less, electromagnets, vacuum, lead, osmium
\______________ use a beam of electrons. Resolving power is \______ than 1nm (200,000x). Lens inside the microscope are \_____________ and display the image on a computer screen. To avoid electron particles colliding with air, the specimen is placed in a \________. Colored stains are replaced with heavy metals such as \_______ or \________. Large size/fixed in a room extremely small objects
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transmission electron microscope
work by shooting electron lasers on the organism, in which the electrons will go through the specimen and show up on the microscope as a 2D figure
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scanning electron microscope
electrons will bounce off the specimen and go upwards. A 3d figure will project, because it works like a sonar, giving a surface texture
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lower, less, colors, expensive, skilled
light microscopes: • \_______ resolution • Cheaper to purchase and use • Portable • Staining is \______ harsh • Living specimens possible • \________ are visible • Less skill required electron microscopes: • Higher resolution • \_______ to purchase and run • Fixed in a room • Staining is harsh, damaging • Living specimens not possible • Colors not visible • Only \______ operators
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cell organelles
• Cell Surface Membrane • Nucleus • Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes • Golgi Body • Mitochondria • Chloroplast • Cell Wall • Large Vacuole
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lipids, glycerol, hydrophilic, hydrophobic
The cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) is made of two layers of \______. Phospholipids are a \_______ (phosphate that serves as the \__________ head) attached to 2 fatty acids (triglycerides serving as the \__________ tails).
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protect, semi permeable, carrier, channel, match
The \#1 job of the phospholipid bilayer is to \________ the cell. It is made of phosphorus, lipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Phospholipid bilayers are \___________; that is, their protein channels determine what goes in and out (water, nutrients, proteins, etc.). \_______ proteins (have access to channels) help to transport by binding to substances and change shape as they move across. \________ proteins open and close to move molecules across the membrane. Essentially, the shape of a passing protein has to \_______ with the shape of the channel.
A factor that affects the permeability is \_____________. The \_______ the temperature, the more the bilayer constricts. The hotter, it \_______. High temperatures will change the protein, not allowing for them to . They change shape because when particles move faster they \________ with each other which bends their shape, which prevents the particles from being accepted into the cell (_ protein).
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cholesterol, prevents, tails, mobility
\_________ helps to maintain the fluidity of the membrane. A factor affecting this process is cholesterol and temperature. Low temperatures: keeps the membrane fluid. High temperatures: \________ the membrane from becoming too fluid. Cholesterol is usually found between the \________. It is also cohesive- in which it can stick to other substances. If cholesterol were to float out of the membrane, it could attach to other particles and take away the \_______ of the membrane (cell dies)
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nucleus, dna
the \________ has a job of containing the primary source of \________ in a cell controls the cell in a way without this organelle the cell cannot function
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reproduce, adenine, guanine, organelles
The nucleus instructions particularly include when to \________ and die. The nucleus contains two tips, one inside and one outside. During reproduction, the tips release nucleic acids adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. \_______ must always pair up with thymine. Cytosine always pairs with \________. When they pair up, the nucleic acid strand becomes longer. The nucleus can also control how many and how \__________ reproduce
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atp, caudal fin
certain cells are designed to mass produce \_____ (energy). These are the \________ cells, in which they will contain more mitochondria. This is to avoid predation and to have energy to catch prey. ATP is used to make ATP, as 3 phosphates are in ATP and one is released to make more
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rough, smooth, flat, tubular
\_______ endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes, and the \______ endoplasmic reticulum does not Rough ER appears like \_____ panels, while smooth ER is more \______.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
makes ribosomes will always be around the nucleus because the ribosomes make protein, in order to do that they need genetic material, so it must be close
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rna, dna, ribosomes, replicated
DNA cannot leave the nucleus, but \_______ can. DNA is the double helix, and RNA is one of the strands. When \_____ is splitting apart, one RNA is pulled (mRNA), in which it will leave the nucleus with instructions on how the \_______ can make protein. The remaining RNA will be \_______ to make a complete DNA strand in the nucleus.
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
makes steroid hormones. In reproductive organs, this organelle is larger to make more hormones for reproduction.
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chromatin
(contained inside nucleus) nucleic acids and proteins joined together bundled together to surround the nucleolus
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nucleolus
produces RNA for ribosomes
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cisternae
flat membrane in rough endoplasmic reticulum
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ribosomes
made of protein and RNA Main function is protein synthesis Found free floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough ER
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golgi body
transports proteins (chemical modification of proteins) series of parallel stacks of membrane pouches (aka cisternae)
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rough, cis face, budding, trans face, vesicle
Protein synthesized in the \________ endoplasmic reticulum buds off and moves to the golgi body This vesicle fuses to the \_______ (entrance) of the golgi, in which the protein is modified (it will be surrounded with its slime and snap off aka \______) The golgi releases the modified protein from the \______ (exit) in a \______ Vesicle moves to and fuses to the cell membrane to release the protein broken part of the golgi body will grow back
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mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell it functions by producing ATP (form of energy) through aerobic respiration (both plant/animal cells) Cells with high energy requirements will have more of these, like muscle cells Cylindrical shape structure with a double membrane Inner membrane folded and filled with enzyme and sugars used for respiration Also contains free floating ribosomes and DNA
to make \_______, the mitochondria will take in \______ acids and chemicals, then mixes it all together. Once this organelle makes ATP, some will be used for energy and the rest will be \_____ to make more ATP this organelle has a \____ size, and to make atp one element that is vital is \_______ (used in the process but not part of the structure) this process is called \_______ respiration the oxygen is used to bind enzymes and sugar together mitochondria contains dna and its own set of \_________
The \_________ is only found in plant cells, and is used in . In plant cells, multiple chloroplasts can be found \________ out. The chloroplast can be compared to a double-membrane sack filled with a gel-like substance () for suspension with little structures inside (\__________). When light hits the entire organelle, the thylakoids make \________. The light only hits the top thylakoid, so it passes down light energy to the lower levels and so on until it reaches the bottom, thus \_____ the thylakoids are making glucose. A stack of thylakoids is called a \_______ or . The light-dependent phase of photosynthesis occurs when \______ is present (chloroplast), and the light-independent phase occurs when light is not present (\___).
The \________________ is only found in plant cells (and some fungi and bacteria cells), and adds protection to the plant cell • Made of a \____________ cellulose • Provide \_______ and support for the whole organism • Prevents cell \_________ due to inflow of water; also adds prevention against water loss • Sugar molecules (\________ and chitin) form hydrogen bonds together as \_______ (very strong). Thus cell walls also act as a sugar storage location. • \____________ is the outer layer of the cell wall (\________ pectate) and is like a glue to other cell walls
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large vacuole, permanent, waste, plants, cell sap, low, fluids, tonoplast
\__________ acts for storage, in which it can store CO2, water, etc. Plant and animal cells have vacuoles but only plant cells have a large \_________ vacuole In mammals, the vacuole stores \_______ and the cell excretes it out through the bloodstream and out as waste. In \_______, the vacuole stores \________ (fluid containing salts and sugars). This fluid has \______ water potential (invites water in to maintain pressure; keeps plant supported) Vacuoles can only store \_____. Its outer membrane is called a \___________
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magnification, image length, actual length, convert
the formula for magnification: m \= i / a m is \____________ i is \___________ a is \__________ to calculate magnification correctly, you will have to know how to \_______ the units from one unit of measurement to another. this formula can be manipulated
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diffusion
the attraction of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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concentration gradient
the direction in which a substance is flowing towards and where it is flowing from (like flow of traffic) can reverse back and forth until there is the same number of proteins inside and outside of the cell (homeostasis)
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active, passive
\_______ transport requires energy because it goes against the concentration gradient \_______ transport does not require energy and goes with the concentration gradient
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facilitated diffusion
when polar substances diffuse through carrier or protein channels. occurs when the concentration gradient and diffusion is coincidentally moving in the same direction In a cell with this diffusion the enzyme does not need to be shaped to pass through the membrane, it is moved through automatically
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osmosis
the movement of water from a higher water potential to a lower water potential across a membrane
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hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
the area of high concentration is \_________ the area of low concentration is \__________ equal concentration is \__________
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salinity
\________ is the one factor that can affect the level of water inside fish, by either increasing or decrease it.
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salt, diffusion
Saltwater fish will use \_______ to balance pressure, in which they will control the salt in their body through \_______ (salt will move in and out of the body).
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surface area, large, size, proportional
The \_____________ of gills determine how much oxygen a fish can take in and how much co2 you can take out. In order to maximize gaseous exchange, organisms need to have a \_______ surface area. As the \______ of the organisms increase, both the surface area and volume increase, but NOT in a \________ or linear relationship
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/
Surface area to volume ratio SA:VR \= SA \___ V
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increase, volume, increases, decreases
in marine organisms higher surface area will \___________ diffusion but greater \________ will decrease rate of diffusion (distance to center of organism increases) Higher SA:VR \= \_______ rate of diffusion Lower SA:VR \= \_______ rate of diffusion
In the \________, there is one artery and one vein. The artery carries \________ blood from the heart to the \_______, and the veins carry \____________ blood from the muscle to the \_______. These blood cells travel carrying \______ to an area that needs it, and picks up the \_____ while doing so to get rid of it. Blood travels through the circulatory system in one direction. As water passes through gill filaments, the fish must maintain the area of low concentration with \_______ and the area of \_____ concentration with co2. This is done by accumulating co2 into the \__________ and holding it there (diffusion will occur). The co2 will diffuse from the gill filaments into the water, and \________ will diffuse from the water into the gill filament.
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temperature, oxygen, salinity
Marine environments are usually stable but still go through changes in \____________, \____________ concentration, and \__________.
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temperature, concentration, passive, surface area
Diffusion of gases in and out of cells and other tissues is affected by several factors: • \___________ • \__________ gradient • Distance moved (because it's a \_________ transport) • \____________ of exchange surface
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increases, kinetic, decreases
As temperature increases the rate of diffusion \_________(more \_______ energy), as temperature \_________ the rate of diffusion decreases
The greater the \_______ between concentration of 2 places (\________ cell and blood) the \_______ the rate of diffusion Marine organisms have evolved to keep this diffusion occurring as \_______ as possible and to keep concentration of oxygen \______ in water than in their blood. The Evolution: Transport Systems (\________) and \________ Movements (gills)
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faster, thinner, thicker
The shorter the distance to travel during diffusion, the \______ the rate.\_______ filaments allow for faster diffusion (small fish) and \________ filaments the opposite (bigger fish)
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greater, faster, slower, more, less
The \________ the surface area the greater the rate of diffusion the surface area of a gill filament also affects diffusion such that a smaller surface area makes diffusion \______ (shorter distance), and a larger surface area makes diffusion \______ (longer distance). Longer filaments have more surface area, so \_____ can diffuse, and shorter filaments have less surface area, so \_____ can diffuse
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gaseous exchange
the uptake of oxygen and release of CO2 by cells or other surfaces
Small fish go through \_____________ throughout their entire body. It's important for marine organisms to move waste to the \________ of their body. When salinity is \________ and diffusion moves salt into the fish, the fish will concentrate the salt into the \________ and excrete it out. Here, the fish will experience water loss to make room for salt- to combat this the fish will \________ more water. Fish with a smaller volume will reach \__________ faster even if they have the same surface area.
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efficient, water, cells, size, circulatory
Marine organisms have evolved a range of methods to ensure \________ gaseous exchange • Using water as a medium (they always want more O2 in the \______ than their \______) • \_______ and Shape of the organism • Surface Area and Volume Ratio • \_______ Systems (development of gills in larger organisms)
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red blood cells, artery, take, heart, gills
\____________ travel through the circulatory system by starting at the capillary system located in the gill arches. Oxygen is diffused from the water into the \______, which is then carried by a red blood cell and will travel to the muscle that needs oxygen. After the red oxygenated red blood cell travels to the muscle, it will deliver the oxygen to the muscle, and \______ the co2 from the muscles and carries it away. It will return through the sinus vein towards the atrium of the \______, and then it will be pumped into the \______, where it will release co2 and collect o2. The process will repeat.
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oxygen, caudal fin, capillary
Because \_______ is vital to the \_______ muscle tissue (must always be moving/producing energy to avoid predation/predate), a \_______ system is located near the caudal fin so oxygen is diffused there immediately
\_______________ occurs when water is forced through the gills to diffuse oxygen into them. Specifically, animals that exhibit ram ventilation \_____ close their mouth and never stop \_______. Thus, by doing this, they force water into their mouth and through the \_____ to diffuse oxygen into their gills. In order for these fish to get a burst of oxygen, they must swim \_____. Ram ventilation requires no energy (no \__________). \_______ fish such as sharks, swordfish and sailfish all use ram ventilation.
\________________ requires energy. Pumped ventilation works by actively pumping water into the gills, and swimming is \_____ required, as \_____________ occurs. \_______ swimming fish, such as grouper, small reef fish, and mollusks display pumped ventilation. Pumped ventilation begins when a fish opens its mouth and closes the \________, making the \________ fill with water. Then it closes its \______ (increasing pressure) and opens the operculum, in which water is forced \_______. Oxygen from the water will \______ into the gill filaments. Then the fish will close the operculum and open its mouth.
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pumped ventilation, greater, less, more
fish that go through \______________ can regulate the amount of oxygen they take in through taking \______ gaps between each muscle contraction (less contraction, \______ oxygen; \______ contraction more oxygen).
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both, tuna, thicker
Some fish can display \_____ pumped and ram ventilation, such as \______. In this case, the gill filaments will be \________ (reinforced).
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lungs, muscle tissue
Gaseous exchange occurs in 2 places: the \______, where you release co2 and take in oxygen; and in \___________ cells, when red blood cells deliver oxygen and take co2 from these tissues
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osmotic, down, up
Fish use salt to equalize their \_______ pressure. When salinity goes down, fish need the salt content in their body to go \______; when salinity goes up, fish need the salt content in their bodies to go \_____
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euryhaline, stenohaline
\__________ organisms can tolerate wide changes in salinity \__________ organisms cannot tolerate wide changes in salinity
\____________ are organisms that maintain a constant internal osmotic pressure that may differ from their environment. They have to go through a \_______ to adapt to the salinity of the surrounding water (they actively maintain a particular salinity). In other words, they use the salt content in water to \_______ their internal osmotic pressure. They are \_____________, and a majority of \_____ fish belong to this category. Tuna are a good example.
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osmoconformers, similar, stenohaline, zero , euryhaline, stenohaline
\____________ are organisms that have an internal body fluid salinity \______ to salinity levels of their surrounding water (small population). What happens to the surrounding water also happens to the them. Majority of these are \________ invertebrates and not resistant to major salinity changes. They have \____ net gain/loss of water when adapting to the salinity levels. They can also be \_________, and mussels are a good example. Clams, barnacles, and oysters are these as well. Freshwater organisms belonging to this group are \_________.
Bony fish spend the entirety of time taking in salty water, because it is an action of \________________ to balance the amount of \_____ in their body and the environment. They constantly drink water to \______ water loss from osmosis, as salt ions are actively secreted by the \______ (through ATP), and the \_______ secrete \_________/sulfate ions (makes \______ concentrate). Drinking of water \______ water in the kidneys, which has become the \______ concentration area.
Salmon in particular are \________, as they are born in freshwater then go to \_________ for ~2 years. This is a drastic change in salinity level. They can change the direction of \_________ depending on the water. Saltwater Environment: water is \________ (low water potential) they drink water to \______ loss from osmosis. Freshwater Environment: water is \_______ (high water potential) ion pumps move salts in \________ directions, taking salts into the blood. This is all about space: part of the energy that comes from an organism comes from the \______. There has to be energy \________ water molecules. If this space \______, this means that salt would fit in between. When water is hypertonic there is \_____ salinity and \_____ movement thus there is low potential for the water to have energy. In \________ water the salt content is low, thus there are more water molecules and more energy (water potential is \_____). This is because salt \___________ water.
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photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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CO2, glucose, chemical, oxygen
Here, ??? and H2O are combined to make ??? . This is a ??? process, in which it takes CO2 and H2O, and separates the ??? from them. The oxygen in photosynthesis is a byproduct.