unit 2 psychology

Cross sectional

Data from groups (different ages)

Compared —> differences about age

Doesn’t take much time (surgery, observation, or test)

Case study

Person or group

Intense and qualitative

Long observations (journal, entries, tests, interviews)

Long term

Naturalistic observation

Not consciously observed

Avoids disturbing participants

Observes behavior produced

Longitudinal study

Group of participants (over number of years)

Assess certain characteristics changes/similarities

Study same group in intervals over years

Control group

Participants not exposed to independent variable

Experiment group

Participants exposed to independent variable

Independent variable

Varie researcher can change / alter for effects

ex. “amount of sleep”

Dependent variable

Variable that changes in relation to the independent

ex. “memory performance”

Issues of ethics

• Responsible for welfare under supervision

• Obey all laws & regulations

• Needed signed consent before research

Ethics in research applied to the Milgram experiment

Study caused stress and emotional harm. Showed need to be informed consent in research.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectations about a behavior and acting unknowingly to carry the behavior out

Placebo effect

A change in patients’ state from knowledge of the treatment

Single blind experiment

Participants don’t know who’s treated

Double blind experiments

Experimenter and participants don’t know who’s receiving treatment

Neutral stimulus

Doesn’t cause reaction on its own before learning

Unconditioned stimulus

Caused natural reaction without learning

Unconditioned response

Automatic reaction

Conditioned stimulus

Was natural until repeated to cause response

Conditioned response

Reaction learned based on experience taught

Developmental psychology

The study on how humans mature and why they develop how they do

Three issues within developmental psychology

Continuity vs. Discontinuity (development changes over time)

Stability vs. Change (traits stay or change through life)

Nature va. Nurture (development from genetics or learned)

Gods handiwork in fetal development

Psalm 139:13-14

-knit in womb

-fearfully and wonderfully made

Congenital Heart Defect

Hearts structure affects ability to pump blood. Mostly genetic. Physical symptoms like blueish skin, difficulty breathing. No cure but successful surgeries and transplants.

Rooting reflex

Baby turns head and opens mouth where you touch them

Grasping reflex

Placing finger in baby’s palm and they close their hand

Schemas

Mental folder. Trying to understand concepts and applying it to our schemas.

Accommodation

Changing schema (changing what they know)

Assimilation

New objects into preexisting schema (this thing is like what I know)