History of Psychology and Cognitive Neuropsychology

These flashcards cover early psychological perspectives including Freud's unconscious mind, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology, as well as key case studies in cognitive neuropsychology and textbook definitions for Chapter 1.

Hysterical (early 1900's)

A term used by early psychologists to describe "Crazy woman" patients.

Unconscious mind (Freud)

Part of the personality that is hidden but incredibly influential; Freud believed damaged contents here are the source of mental illness.

Behaviorism (mid 1900s)

A psychological approach that treats the mind as a "black box" and pivots focus toward observable behaviour and stimulus-response associations.

Stimulus-response associations

The basis of cognition and learning in behaviorism, created by associating things with feeling good or bad.

Reinforcement learning

A learning process involving rewards and punishments used in behaviorism.

Behavioral measures

Rigorous indicators used to study behavior, such as accuracy and reaction time {RT}.

False memories

Remembering something that didn't really happen due to crossing or confusion in the mind; a phenomenon behaviorism cannot explain.

Computer and brain analogy

A cognitive psychology concept where the brain is viewed as the hardware and the mind is viewed as the software.

Alexander Luria (1902 - 1977)

A Soviet neurologist in WW2 who moved from LoF to cognitive networks and humanized mental illness and brain injury.

Paul Broca and “Tan” (1861)

A case that linked damage in the left frontal lobe to the loss of speech production.

Phineas Gage (1823-1860)

The first case linking a brain region to personality and emotional control after damage to his orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).

Frontal lobe personality

Rapid changes to personality and emotion caused by damage to the front part of the brain, as seen in Phineas Gage.

Patient H.M. (1926-2008)

A patient whose hippocampus was surgically removed to stop seizures, resulting in the loss of conscious memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

The condition where a person can no longer form new memories, as experienced by Patient H.M.

Phantom Limb Syndrome

A condition where pain is felt in the part of a limb that was removed after an amputation.

Clinical psychology

A psychological perspective that seeks to define, explain, and treat abnormal behaviors.

Cognitive neuroscience

Focuses on understanding the links between cognition and brain activity.

Humanistic psychology

An approach that saw humans as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve.

Natural sciences

Sciences that study the physical and biological events that occur in nature.

Voluntarism

An approach that emphasizes the role of will and choice in determining thoughts, perceptions, and behaviours.