Chapter 16: Practical Techniques + Synthetic Routes 🗺️

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40 Terms

1
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<p>what is this? </p>

what is this?

round-bottom / pear-shaped flask

2
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<p>what is this? </p>

what is this?

receiver

3
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what is this?

screw-tap adaptor

<p>screw-tap adaptor </p>
4
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<p>what is this?</p>

what is this?

condenser

5
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<p>what is this? </p>

what is this?

still hero

6
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in what temperature range can a water bath be used?

below 100oC

7
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Before fitting a condenser, what needs to be added to the round-bottomed/pear-shaped flask?

anti-bumping granules → ensures that its contents will boil smoothly

→ prevent large bubbles forming

8
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what does heating under reflux look like?

knowt flashcard image
9
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what should not be put in the top of a condenser?

a stopper → otherwise, it would be a closed system + the pressure would build up (the condenser would explode)

10
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water enters condenser at the … → why?

bottom of the condenser → to ensure the outer jacket is full

11
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what does heating at reflux ensure?

a liquid to be continually boiled whilst the reaction takes place

  • prevents volatile components from escaping (e.g. like a pot on a saucepan, preventing the steam from escaping)

  • prevents the flask from boiling dry

12
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what is distillation used for?

separating pure liquid from its impurities

13
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what does the setup for distillation look like?

knowt flashcard image
14
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in distillation, which liquid boils first?

the liquid with the lowest boiling point → it is the most volatile + will boil first

15
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when organic liquids are produced, what may be produced too?

what does this look like?

water

2 liquid layers in your collection flask (1 organic, one aqueous/water)

16
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how are 2 layers (one organic, one water) separated?

use a separating funnel

  1. ensure tap of separating funnel is closed

  2. pour mixture in → bung it → invert to mix

  3. allow layers to settle

  4. add some water (to see which layer is the water/aqueous layer)

  5. place conical flask under separating layer → remove stopper → open tap

  6. place second conical flask under separating funnel to collect other layer

<p>use a separating funnel </p><ol><li><p>ensure tap of separating funnel is closed </p></li><li><p>pour mixture in → bung it → invert to mix</p></li><li><p>allow layers to settle </p></li><li><p>add some water (to see which layer is the water/aqueous layer) </p></li><li><p>place conical flask under separating layer → remove stopper → open tap </p></li><li><p>place second conical flask under separating funnel to collect other layer </p></li></ol><p></p>
17
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how do you know which layer is organic + which is water?

add water → the layer that gets bigger is water

18
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how to remove acid impurities:

  • add aqueous sodium carbonate + shake mixture in separating funnel

  • acid present will react with the sodium carbonate + release CO2

    • hold the stoppered separating funnel upside down + open tap slowly to release the gas pressure

  • remove aqueous sodium carbonate layer

  • wash organic layer with water

  • run both layers into 2 separate flasks

19
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which drying agent works for drying hydrocarbons?

anhydrous calcium sulphate

CaCl2

20
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which 2 drying agents can be used for general drying of organic products?

  1. Anhydrous calcium sulphate → CaSO4

  2. Anhydrous magnesium sulphate → MgSO4

21
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procedure for drying an organic liquid (with a drying agent)

  1. add organic liquid to a conical flask

  2. spatula some drying agent in → swirl

  3. place stopper on flask → leave for about 10 minutes

  4. add drying agent until solid is dispersed in solution as fine powder

  5. decant the liquid into another flask

22
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what is redistillation for?

when the first distillation doesn’t work entirely (because organic liquids have boiling points that are relatively close together)

23
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<p>which functional group is this?</p>

which functional group is this?

aldehyde

24
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<p>which functional group is this? </p>

which functional group is this?

ketone

25
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<p>which functional group is this? </p>

which functional group is this?

carboxylic acid

26
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<p>which functional group is this? </p>

which functional group is this?

ester

27
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<p>which functional group is this? </p>

which functional group is this?

amine

28
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<p>which functional group is this? </p>

which functional group is this?

acyl chloride

29
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<p>which functional group is this? </p>

which functional group is this?

nitrile

30
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what is needed for this reaction: alcohol → haloalkane

sodium halide + H2SO4

31
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what is needed for this reaction: alkane → haloalkane

halogen + UV light

32
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what is needed for this reaction: alkene → haloalkane

hydrogen halide

33
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what is needed for this reaction: haloalkane → alcohol

NaOH (aq) under reflux

34
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what is needed for this reaction: alkene → alkane

H2 and Nickel catalyst

35
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what is needed for this reaction: alcohol → alkene

concentrated H2SO4

36
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what is needed for this reaction: alkene → alcohol

H2O (g) / H3PO4 catalyst

37
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what is needed for this reaction: 1y alcohol → carboxylic acid

K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 under reflux

38
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what is needed for this reaction: 1y alcohol → aldehyde

K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 under distillation

39
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what is needed for this reaction: 2y alcohol → ketone

K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 under reflux

40
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what is a target molecule?

the compound that a chemist is trying to prepare by organic synthesis