Intro to Communication Disorders Final

Anatomy

The study of structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another.

Physiology

The study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures.

Respiratory, laryngeal, and articulatory/resonatory

The three physiological subsystems for speech.

Respiratory subsystem

The driving force for speech production (via positive air pressure beneath vocal folds).

Lungs, trachea, and pulmonary airways

The pulmonary apparatus consists of the...

Larynx

An air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissues; the principal sound generator for voice and speech production.

To protect the airway from foreign objects entering the trachea and lungs.

The primary biological function of the larynx is...

Thyroid prominence

The anatomical name for the "Adam's Apple" is...

Vocal tract

a resonant acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds

32

Adults have how many teeth?

Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls.

Velopharyngeal closure refers to...

About 6 months and is complete around 3 years old.

At what age does dentition emerge and at what age is secondary dentition complete?

3-4 months

At what age do rituals and game playing emerge?

Intentionality

At about 8-9 months, infants develop what in interactions.

12 months

The first meaningful word occurs around...

18 months

By ______, children produce about 50 single words and begin to combine words predictably.

150-300 words

By age 2, children have an expressive vocabulary of about...

2-3 turns

How long can preschool-aged children maintain a conversation?

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

Language becomes more complex as it becomes longer and can be calculated in...

Figurative Language

Sayings that do not always mean what they seem to mean, as in idioms.

60,000 words

By high school, children understand approximately...

Being a late talker

Risk factors for _____ include being a boy, low SES, not being an only child, older maternal age at birth, moderately low birth weight, etc.

The level of IQ

Severity of intellectual disability is usually based on what?

1 out of 59

Approximately how many of all school-age children have LD.

Cultural Congruency

The synchrony of intervention strategies and techniques with the cultural values, beliefs, and behaviors of a community.

Selective mutism

Children do not speak in specific situations although they speak in others.

See if a problem exists or not and needs further evaluation.

Screening tests are used to...

Code switching

the movement between two languages

Disorders that involve difficulties in learning and using various forms of language.

What are language disorders?

They will have difficulties with their speech, social communication, comprehension, etc.

Explain some areas of communication where individuals with intellectual developmental disorders will have difficulty.

Actor, Behavior ("Do statement"), Condition, Degree/Criteria

What are four behaviors that are noted during the observation portion of assessment?

Lower life expectancy, health issues, lower access, risk of stroke (with prior history), etc.

Describe lifespan issues that affect individuals with learning disabilities

Black, Asian, and Hispanic populations

Incidence of ASD are highest in which populations?

Communication can be extremely difficult for those with profound hearing loss. Cochlear implants might be necessary which can improve communication development.

What can be expected in language development in those who receive a cochlear implant?

Understanding speech sounds

Specify acceptable sequences and locations of speech sounds.

Diphthong

when two vowels are said in close proximity

4-6 months

Infants are able to imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling by what age?

4

Most of the phonological patterns that toddlers use disappear by age...

Babbling

Long strings of syllables with adult-like intonation.

Speech Sound Disorders

Disorders of how speech sounds are used in language.

6

75% of children normalize their speech sound errors by age ___ with or without treatment.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

A neurological speech sound disorder that affects the ability to plan and/or program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production.

Oral Motor Exercises

Not recommended as there is no evidence that supports their use.

Manner of articulation, tongue placement, and voicing.

How are consonant phonemes classified?

Bilabial, labiodental, linguodental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

Name the places of articulation.

Stop/plosive, fricative, affricate, nasal, glides, liquids.

Name the manners of articulation

Tongue advancement, height, tongue tension, and lip-rounding.

What determines which vowel is actually produced?

They often forget final consonants, multisyllable words may be reduced to one or two syllables, consonant blends might be shortened, sound substitutions, etc.

What types of speech errors do toddlers commonly make?

Substitutions, omissions, distortions, additions.

Name the four types of articulation errors.

Speech Intelligibility

Refers to how easy it is to understand the individual.

Omission of phonemes, indirect objects, inflectional morphology (verb tense and agreement, improper grammatical form)

What are three common omission error patterns in individuals who are deaf?

Literacy

The use of visual modes of communication, specifically reading and writing.

Segmenting a word and blending the sounds together to form a word (the first step in reading)

Decoding is...

Phonics

Sound-letter correspondence is called...

Knowledge of sounds/syllables and the sound structure of words.

Phonological awareness is...

The ability to manipulate sounds, such as blending or segmenting.

Phonemic awareness is...

Articulation and expressive/receptive language

Risk of reading problems is greatest for children with a history of problems in...

Decoding and phonological abilities

Poor reading comprehenders have deficits in...

2,800-3,000 words

Approximately how many spelling words are explicitly taught in elementary school?

60%

What percentage of children with language disorders have difficulty in the area of literacy?

Planning, organization, time management, working memory, set reasonable goals, revise plans and strategies based on feedback, etc.

List skills involved in executive function (self-regulation)

Early (knowledge of the meaning and function of print, recognition of some letters) and late (recognizing words as distinct units, identifying letters, using terminology such as letter, word, and sentence.

Describe the process of print awareness.

Oral language, alphabet knowledge, and print concept knowledge.

What are the best predictors of kindergarten reading status?

Decoding, word recognition, reading comprehension

As adolescents, poor readers exhibit deficits in what three areas?

Neuron

Basic unit of the nervous system.

Collection of neurons

A nerve is...

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.

The brain consists of the...

Prefrontal cortex/Cerebellum

The _____ is important in decision making and motor control.

Left hemisphere

In most individuals, linguistic information is processed in the...

Broca's area

Incoming auditory information is held in working memory in ____ in the frontal lobe while it is processed.

Problems in auditory comprehension and word retrieval.

The aphasic population is extremely diverse, but which characteristics are common to all aphasias?

Wernicke's Aphasia

Individuals who have fluent, sometimes incoherent speech and speak in a rapid-fire manner with few pauses and opportunity for turn taking most likely have which type of aphasia?

Anomic Aphasia

Individuals who have fluent, relatively preserved language abilities aside from naming difficulty most likely have which type of aphasia?

Wernicke's Aphasia

Individuals who have fluent, abundant, and quick conversations filled with paraphasia most likely have which type of aphasia?

Wernicke's Aphasia

Individuals who have fluent conversation filled with word errors most likely have which type of aphasia?

Broca's Aphasia

Individuals who speak in short sentences with agrammatism, have labored speech and writing, and demonstrate articulation and phonological errors most likely have which type of aphasia?

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Individuals who demonstrate difficulty initiating speech or writing and severely impaired speech most likely have which type of aphasia?

Global/Mixed Aphasia

Individuals who have profound language impairments in all modalities most likely have which type of aphasia?

Stroke or cerebrovascular accident

The most common cause of aphasia is...

80,000

As a result of stroke, how many people become aphasic each year?

First 3-6 months

Maximum spontaneous recovery after stroke occurs in the ...

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A disruption in normal functioning caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating injury.

Cognitive Impairment

An umbrella term for a group of both pathological conditions and syndromes that result in declining memory and at least one other cognitive ability that is significant enough to interfere with daily life activities.

Cell body, axon (impulses away from the body), and dendrites (impulses towards the body)

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

Uncontrolled repetition of a certain response, like a word, phrase, etc.

What is the definition of perseveration?

Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

What are the four lobes of the brain?

The cause, location, extent, and age of brain injury.

Severity of aphasia is related to a number of factors.

Hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), agnosia (difficulty understanding incoming sensory information), alexia (reading problems), and anomia (difficulty naming).

Name five concomitant or accompanying deficits associated with aphasia and provide definitions.

Thrombotic Strokes (caused by blood clot that forms in an artery supplying blood to the brain), embolic strokes (caused by a clot that travels from another part of the body to the brain); factors (high blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, lack of exercise, etc.)

Name and describe the types/factors related to ischemic stroke (blood supply to the brain is blocked or interrupted).

Intracerebral hemorrhage (within the brain), subarachnoid hemorrhage (between the inner and outer layers of the tissue covering the brain); caused by chronically high blood pressure or aging blood vessel, smoking, etc.

Name and describe the types/factors related to hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke.

Smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, etc.

Name four factors that increase the risk of stroke.

Difficulty with language and listening comprehension

What are the two most commonly reported language symptoms in TBI?

Resonance

The quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities.

Oral and nasal

Velopharyngeal disfunction is failure of the velopharyngeal mechanism to separate the ___ and _____ cavities during speech and swallowing.

Vocal Pitch

The perceptual correlation of fundamental frequency associated with the rate of vocal fold vibration.

Vocal Loudness

The perceptual correlation of intensity

Frequency

Modifications in the length and ____ of the vocal folds are necessary to produce pitch change.

60

The loudness of conversational speech is around ___ dB.

Laryngeal Contact Ulcers

Reddened ulcerations on the posterior surface of the vocal folds in the region of the arytenoid cartilages.

Vocal Fold Polyps/Hematomas

Fluid filled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell.