anatomy s2 final

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)

strabismus

crossed eyes

diplopia

the perception of two images of a single object (double vision)

glaucoma

a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure

cataracts

clouding of the lens

myopia

nearsightedness

hyperopia

farsightedness

astigmatism

a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

motion sickness

Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info (crystals moving)

ageusia

inability to taste

otalgia

ear pain

presbyopia

impaired vision as a result of aging

conduction deafness

Obstruction or alteration of the tympanic membrane

sensorineural deafness

deafness that results from damage to the inner ear

tinnitus

ringing in the ears

anosmia

inability to smell

helix of ear

outer rim of the ear

auricle (pinna)

external portion of the ear that directs sound waves

lobule

earlobe

Incus (anvil)

auditory ossicle (middle one)

malleus (hammer)

auditory ossicle on far left

stapes (stirrup)

auditory ossicle on far right, located on bottom of oval window

tympanic membrane

The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves.

external acoustic meatus/external auditory canal

how sound gets into the ear
has ceruminous glands

pharyngotympanic tube

connects middle ear to throat
equalizes air pressure

semicircular canal

responsible for balance

has perilymph (fluid) and crystals that rock around for spacial awareness

cochlea

snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid

important for hearing!!

tympanic reflex

contraction of muscles in middle ear when you hear very loud sound

pulls bones away from each other so that they don't get damaged by too much vibration

cochlear nerve

carries auditory information to the brain

oval window

the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

space behind stirrup/stapes

vestibule of ear

the area between cochlea & semicircular canals.

hearing and balance

round window

picks up sounds less than 20 hz

space in between cochlea and tympanic membrane

external/outer ear is responsible for...

hearing only

middle ear/tympanic cavity is responsible for....

hearing only

internal/inner ear is responsible for...

hearing and balance

9 Steps of how we hear

1. Sound wave goes into external auditory canal
2. Goes to tympanic membrane- changes to vibration
3. Ossicles vibrate
4. vibrates oval window
5. goes back to wave in perilymph in vestibule
6. wave goes down cochlea to membrane in cochlea (basilar membrane)
7. wave bends hairs on cochlea membrane
8. becomes electrical signal that goes on nerve
9. signal carried on cochlear nerve to temporal lobe

Canal of Schlemm

drains and regulates aqueous humor

Sclera

white of the eye, makes light only go in pupil, supports eyeball

Cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye, allows light to go in

lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Biconvex, transparent, flexible, elastic, and avascular

aqueous humor

found between the cornea and the lens

helps with pressure, moisturizes, cleanses

vitrious humor function

compresses retina to stay flat

inferior oblique

out and up

superior oblique

out and down

ciliary body

controls the shape of the lens, and secretes aqueous humor.

attached to suspensory ligaments

Tapetum

The colorful, shiny material located behind the retina. Found in animals with good night vision, the tapetum reflects light back through the retina.

choroid

black, inside of eye, absorbs light so it only goes in one place

Retina

membrane with rods or cones, receives information

suspensory ligaments

Hold the lens in place and connect it to the ciliary muscles

Cones

colors (red, green, blue), bright light

Rods

black/white, dim light

optic nerve

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

optic disc

region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina

blind spot

superior rectus

moves eye up

lateral rectus

moves eye out

medial rectus

moves eye in

inferior rectus

moves eye down

fovea centralis

tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

conjunctiva

pinkish issue in inside of eye

moisture and nourishment

conjunctivits: pink eye (inflammation of conjunctiva)

lacrimal sac

produces tears

lacrimal duct

releases tears

lens and pupil during distance focusing

lens is pretty flat and doesnt have to change much

pupil size is big

aspects of close focusing

accommodation: change in shape of the lens

constriction: pupils get smaller

convergence: eyes move in a little

light adaptation

going from dark to light

turn on cones

dark adaptation

going from light to dark

rods turn on

takes longer than light adaptation

rhodopsin

pigment in rods required to have good night vision

How does depth perception work?

you see 2 images overlapping, one from each eye

taste

gustation
tongue must be wet for taste to work
taste buds everywhere but back
80% smell

What allows you to smell

olfactory bulbs at the back of your nose

nose must be wet

What does the eye look like flipped around?

Upside down and backwards

What structures are responsible for hearing?

Cochlear hairs

Incisors

Teeth between the canines that are used for cutting
have 8

Canines

Teeth that rip and tear food
Point

Premolars

Transitional teeth that move food back towards the molars
have 8

Molars

Back teeth that grind food
have 12

Tongue

manipulates food for chewing and swallowing
Also tastes

Lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat

Amylase

enzyme that breaks down starch/carbs

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

Parotid gland

largest salivary glands at the end of the jaw

Submandibular gland

medium sized salivary gland located under the jaw

sublingual glands

A pair of salivary glands in the floor of the mouth

pharynx

throat
passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Uvula

hanging projection hanging down from the middle of the soft palate
helps prevent food and liquid from going up your nose when you swallow

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

Stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.

Rugae

folds in the stomach that increase surface area to increase stomach volume

cardiac sphincter

A circular muscle located between the esophagus and the stomach

Fundus

top of stomach and farthest point from pyloric sphincter

Duodenum

first part of the small intestine
break down food

jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine
absorbs nutrients

ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine
absorbs nutrients

large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum, anus
Reabsorbs water
Uses bacteria to reabsorb nutrients/vitamins

cecum

first part of the large intestine
absorbs fluids and salts

colon

removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

rectum

stores feces
at end of sigmoid colon and above anus

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body
internal and external sphincters

appendix

contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity

liver

produces bile
Peroxisomes to detoxify drugs and regulate chemical levels.