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Education
a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms
Education system
socializes us to our society - we learn cultural expectations and norms
Two main socializing tasks of education
homogenization and social sorting
Homogenization
diverse backgrounds learn a standardized curriculum that effectively transforms diversity into homogeneity
Social sorting
common knowledge base, a common culture, and a common sense of society’s official priorities, and perhaps more importantly, they learn to locate their place within it
The major factors affecting education systems
resources, money, value placed on education, social factors
Education in Afghanistan
Fall of the Taliban in Afghanistan - spike in demand for education - over 6.2 million students - severe shortage of teachers
Education of women - additional challenges since cultural norms say they should be taught by female teachers
Female education for Afghanistan’s future
an educated mother to have educated children - positive cycle of education for generations to come
The World Bank
assisting the people of Afghanistan in improving educational quality and access
The Education Quality Improvement Program
provides training for teachers and grants to communities
Strengthening Higher Education
focuses on six universities in Afghanistan and four regional colleges - focus on fostering relationships with universities in other countries
Two types of learning
referred to as formal education and informal education
Formal education
the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum
Informal education
learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviours by participating in a society
Cultural transmission
refers to the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture - both formal and informal
Universal access
This term refers to people’s equal ability to participate in an education system
Ontario - Bill 82 -1980 - established five principles for special education programs and services for special needs students
Universal access
Education at public expense
An appeal process
Ongoing identification and continuous assessment
Appropriate programming
“Inclusion”
a method that involves complete immersion in a standard classroom
“Mainstreaming”
balances time in a special-needs classroom with standard classroom participation
Functionalists
believe that education equips people to perform different functional roles in society - manifest and latent functions
Manifest functions
socializations, cultural norms, social placement
Latent functions
courtship, social networks, working in groups
Critical sociologists
view education as a means of widening the gap in social inequality - social class, bias of IQ tests
Feminist theorists
sexism in education continues to prevent women from achieving a full measure of social equality
Symbolic interactionism
sees education as one way that the labelling theory can be demonstrated in action - labelling - direct correlation to those who are in power and labelled
Social placement
Education also provides one of the major methods used by people for upward social mobility
Individualism
the valuing of the individual over the value of groups or society as a whole
Cultural capital
accumulation of cultural knowledge that helps one navigate a culture
Hidden curriculum
refers to the type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission
Tracking
formalized sorting system that places students on “tracks” (advanced versus low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities
Grade inflation
a term used to describe that letter grades and the achievements they reflect has been changing over time
Credentialism
emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, attained a certain level of education, met certain job qualifications
