metals
shiny, malleable, ductile elements
metalloids
elements w/properties intermediate between non-metals and metals
non-metals
do not produce heat/electricity, are structurally brittle
malleable
description of a substance that can be beaten or rolled into sheets w/o crumbling
ductile
description of a substance that can be drawn or stretched into long wires (stretchy)
inert
unreactive with all but the most corrosive of acids
molecule
group of non-metallic atoms bound together by covalent bonds; can be made up of atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements
periods
1-7 horizontal row (aotmic # and mass both increase as you move across)
group/family
1-18 vertical (similar chem. properties as you move down elements get larger in size and less reactive)
alkali metals
soft, shiny, silvery reactive w/water, GROUP 1
alkaline-earth metals
shiny silvery not as soft as alkali's GROUP 2
noble gasses
extremely unreactive non-metals GROUP 18
halogens
non metals, poisonous, react readily with alkali metals to form salts; fluorine, iodine, bromine, chlorine GROUP 17
subatomic particles
protons neutrons and electrons
isotopes
atoms of the same element containing diff numbers of neutrons
atomic molar mass
avg. molar mass of an elements atoms, including those of all the elements diff isotopes
ionization
the process of gaining/losing electrons
ion
an electrically charged atom/group of atoms
cation
positively charged atom (usually formed when metal atoms lose electrons)
octet rule
atoms bond in such a way as to have 8 electrons in their valence energy level
valence electrons
the electrons in the outer level; electrons participate in bonding
elements in the same family have...
the same # of valence electrons = similar chemical properties
formation of ions
gain or loss of electrons through the process of ionization, the # of protons + neutrons stays the same
formation of isotopes
the number of protons and electrons stays the same, named by changing the eneding of the element to -IDE
crystal lattice
organized array of ions
formula unit
smallest amt. of an ionic compound w/the composition shown by the chemical formulas number of + and - ions in the smallest whole number ratio that results in a neutral unit in the crystal lattice of a compound
ionic bonding
type of bond formed when electrons transfer between metals and non-metals
NaOH(s) - common ionic compound
lye, sodium hydroxide, unclog drains
NaHCO3(s) - common ionic compound
baking soda, sodium hydrocarbonate, raises bread and cakes by giving off CO2 when heated
Mg(OH)2(s) - common ionic compound
milk of magnesia, magnesium hydroxide, works as antacid and laxative
NaCl(s) - common ionic compound
table salt, sodium chloride, adds salty taste in foods
KHC4H4O6(s) - common ionic compound
cream of tartar, potassium hydrogentartrate, mixes w/baking soda to make baked goods rise
ionic compounds
consist of a metal and a non metal
ionic bond
ionic compounds are formed by atoms STEALING electrons to obtain a full valence orbital
naming ionic compounds
name the cation 1st by using the elements name (usually a metal ion), name the anion 2nd by using the 1sst part of the elements name and changing the last part to "ide" (usually a non-metal)
multivalent elements
elements w/more than one stable ion (iron, lead)
polyatomic ions
charged particle made up of several non-metallic atoms joined together
covalent bonds
bond formed when non-metallic atoms share electrons
molecular element
element that forms molecules made up only of its own atoms
diatomic
molecule composed of two atoms of the same element
C12H22O11(s) - common molecular compound
sugar, sucrose, sweetener
C2H6O(l) - common molecular compound
ethanol, component of alcoholic beverages
CH3COCH3(l)- common molecular compound
acetane, solvent
CH4(g) - common molecular compound
methane, heating fuel
monatomic
C(s), noble gasses (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon), all metals
diatomic
O3(g) aka ozone, the gens - hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)
prefix numbers
mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, ennea, deca
water
H2O(l)
hydrogen peroxide
H2O2(l)
ammonia
NH3(g)
sucrose
C12H22O11(s)
methane
CH4(g)
propane
C3H8(g)
methanol
CH3OH(l)
ethanol
C2H5OH(l)
hydrogen sulfide
H2S(g)
identifyng ionic compounds
if formula starts w/a metal or NH4, its ionic
properties of ionic compounds
high melting point, retention of crystal shape, solubility in water, conductivity in solution
polar
ibject that has a + electric charge at one end and a - charge at the other end
electrolytes
solution that conducts electricity; ionic compounds
properties of molecular compounds
s/g/l @ room temp, low melting/boiling point (covalent bonds are weak), cruble easily when broken, only some are soluble in water, tend to be insulators
properties of acids
sour, not slippery, reacts w/metals (H gas is produced) some metals are better at resisting attack by acids, conductive
properties of bases
bitter, slippery, no reactions w/metal, conductive
buffer
substance that keeps the pH of a solution nearly constant despite the addition of a small ammount of acid/base
when acids/bases are...
neutralized, they lose their characteristic properties
HCl(aq)
hydrochlric acid or aqueous hydrogen chloride, muriatic acid, concrete cleaning
H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid or aqueous hydrogen sulfate, battery acid, car batteries, fertilizer manufacturing
HNO3(aq)
nitric acid or aqueous hydrogen nitrate, fertilizer manufacturing, metal refining
H3PO4(aq)
phosphoric acid or aqueous hydrogen phosphate, sour taste in soft drinks, fertilizer manufacturing
HCOOH(aq)
methanoic acid, formic acid, wool dyeing, leather tanning
CH3COOH(aq)
ethanoic acid, acetic acid, vinegar
acids can be identified by...
the presence of H or -COOH
naming acids
name as if ionic compound. hydrogen_ide -> hydro_ic acid, hydrogen_ate -> _ic acid, hydrogen_ite -> _ous acid
naming bases
like naming ionic compounds - metal first
bases can be identified by...
the presence of OH or NH4, usually solid ionic compounds
NaOH(s)
sodium hydroxide, caustic soda, drain cleaner
KOH(s)
potassium hydroxide, caustic potash, leather tanning
NH4OH(aq)
ammonium hydroxide, ammonia solution, window cleaner
Ca(OH)2(s)
calcium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, laxative, antacid
Mg(OH)2(s)
magnesium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, laxative, antacid
Al(OH)3(s)
aluminum hydroxide, antacid, waste water treatment
neutralization
process in which acids and bases react w/eachother so that the H+ion and the OH- ion combine to make a single water molecule, the reaction creates water + a neutral salt