AP Bio Mods. 19-20

Vocab.

fitness

the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce in a particular environment-of organisms

Oxidative Phosphorylation

involves the transfer of electrons along the electron transport chain to oxygen, generating proton gradient that powers production of ATP by ATP synthase

Stromatolites 

microbial communities that build domed structures, the earliest records of life on earth

Fermentation

does not require oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm, and does not make use of proteins embedded in organelle membranes to transfer electrons and energy along elcton transport chain.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

when sulfate, nitrate, or anything other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Cyanobacteria

the first organisms to evolve the biochemical machinery to carry out photosysnthsis

Endosymbiosis

an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed an cyanobacterium, over time evolved into the chloroplast

Aerobic Cellular Resperation

oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain

Anothocyanin

color depends on ph can appear red,blue, or purple

Carotenoids

typically red, orange, and yellow pigments.  Also has two groups called Carotenes and Xyanthophylls

Carotenes

give an orange color(gives and carrot its orange color)

Xanthopylls

are yellow-orange pigments

Photosynthetic Organisms

live in extreme environments, often appear brown or yellow because of containing high levels of xanthophyll pigments

Photosynthetic Bacteria

prokaryotes that use light to produce energy, uses the pigment xanthophyll

Hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs

Myoglobin

found in muscle, where it binds oxygen. It consists of just a single subunit with one iron-containing heme group. Is a specialized O2

Population

all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular geoghraphical area-can communicate with each other to spur process that support them in changing environments

Biolumenscene

produces light using biochemical reactions, also attracts mates and defense against predators

Quorum Sensing

communcation among bacteria that leads to a response only when there are high number of bacteria present in a given area

Low Population Density

concentration of the signaling molecule is too low to blind to receptors

High Population Density

abundant signaling molecules bind to receptors

Cell Communication

When 1) signaling cells receive a stimulus, 2) the cell produces and releases signaling molecules, 3) signaling molecules bind to the receptor proteins on the target cell, and finally, 4)the target cell responds

Signaling Molecules

chemicals released by cells that alter the activities of other cells

Target Cell

the cell that receives the signal in step three of cell communication

Lignads

bind to receptors protiens on or in a target cell

Adrenaline and Multicellular organisms: What type of Signaling?

Eukaryotic Signaling

Quorum Sensing, and single-celled organisms use what type of  Signaling?

Prokaryotic Signaling 

Adrenaline

a singlaling molecule released by cells of the adrenal gland & binds to receptors on cells of the heart and many other organs

Hormone

a type of of signaling molecule that travels in the circulatory system and affects distant cells

Endocrine

signals are transported in the circulatory system to their target cells in another part of the body

Paracrine

signals move by diffusion and simulate neighboring cells

Autocrine

signals are released and recieved by the same cell

Short Distance Signaling

occur between to cells that are close to each other

Contact-Dependent Signaling

a cell communications with another cell through direct contact, without diffusion or circulation of the signaling molecule

Plasmodesmata

openings that cross through the membranes and the cell walls of both cells (a passage that connects one plant cell to another), intercellular connections

Gap Junctions

protien channels embedded in the membrane of two neighboring cells

Temperuature Regulation by a Heating System

the way an organisms body maintains homeostasis through cell communication is smaller to the way that a heating system maintains a comfortable temperature in a room.

In a heating system what is the Thermostat know as, and why

a sensor, because it senses cool air.

Sensor

a component of the heating system that detects when conditions have moved away from a particular level

Set point

is the particular level in a sensor

Negitive Feedback

a stimulus acts on a sensor that signals an effecto, which produces a response that opposes the intial stimulus  and therefore turns off the signal

Positive Feedback

describes the pattern in which the output or response of a system increases the activity of the system

Tempurture Regulation

a lower body tempurture is sensed by the hypothalamus, which signals muscle cells to start shivering response to generate heat

Hypthalamus

is apart of the brain and acts like a thermostat for the body, signaling the body to warm up or cool down as needed.

Homeostasis

a fundamental and universial attribute of living organisms, protecting cells and organisms from dangerous conditions and maintaing a steady condition in which the organism can function