Descriptive Statistics

Presentation of Data

refers to an exhibition or putting up data in an attractive and useful manner such that it can be easily interpreted

Textual Presentation

presented in the form of text, phrases, or paragraphs.

Textual Presentation

principal method for explaining findings, outlining trends, and providing contextual information

Textual Presentation

involves enumerating important characteristics, emphasizing significant figures, and identifying important features of data.

Tabular Presentation

systematic and logical arrangement of data in the form of Rows and Columns

Tabular Presentation

representing individual information and represents both quantitative and qualitative information

Graph Presentation

it displays data at a glance, facilitates comparison, and can reveal trends and relationships within the data

Bar Graph

use to organize discrete data

Bar Graph

constructed by labeling each category of data on either the horizontal or vertical axis

Simple Bar Graph

used for the case of one variable only

Multiple Bar Graph / Grouped Column Chart

extension of a simple bar chart when there are quantities of several variables to be displayed

Component Bar Graph / Subdivided Column Chart

represent data in which the total magnitude is divided into different or components

Histogram

organize continouos data

Pie Chart

a circle divided into sectors. Each sector represents a category of data.

Pie Chart

typically used to present the relative frequency of qualitative data

Line Graph

shows information that is connected in some way

Grouped Data

the type of data that is classified into groups after collection.

Ungrouped Data (Raw Data)

data that has not been placed in any group or category after collection.

Mean

sum of the data values divided by the number of data values

Mean

Average

Mean

appropriate only for data under interval and ratio scale measurement.

Median

middle observation

Median

divides the distribution into two equal parts

Mode

most frequently occurring value in a list of data

Mode

nominal Average

Mode

the only measure of central tendency used in both quantitative and qualitative data.

Quantiles

statistics that describe various subdivisions of a frequency distribution into equal proportions

3 special Quantiles

1. Quartiles

2. Deciles

3. Percentiles

Quartile

split the ordered data into four quarters

Percentile

split the ordered data into 100 equal parts

Decile

split the ordered data into ten equal

Standard Deviation

a measure of how far away items in a data set are from the mean

Standard Deviation

Can never be a negative number

Standard Deviation

smallest possible value for the standard deviation is 0

Variance

represents all data points in a set and is calculated by averaging the squared deviation of each mean