Chapter 4 physiology

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

what elements make up 96% of the human body?

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins

what are the 4 major compounds that make up human life?

they lack carbon

key quality of inorganic compounds

salts, minerals, water, acids, bases, ions

key inorganic compounds

organic compounds

which is typically larger? organic or inorganic compounds?

organic compounds

a compound disolves in water which means it is…?

inorganic compounds

a compound dissociates in water which means it is….?

cell membrane

communication and boundary for the cell with selective permeability

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm

cytoplasm

cytosol containing organelles

cytosol

metabolism occurs here

growth, repair, DNA continuity, forms tissues

function of somatic cell division?

tissues

a group of similar cells functioning together

histology

study of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

what are the 4 types of tissues

covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways and forms glands

function of epithelial tissues

carcinoma

epithelial tissue that has become cancerous

epithelial tissue

avascular tissue

epithelial tissue

tissue that is excellent at regeneration

epithelial tissue

tissue that is subject to mechanical stress

cell adhesion molecules

type of transmembrane protein

hemidesmosomes

proteins that hold tissue to basement membrane

secretion and absorption

function of simple epithelium tissues

simple squamous epithelium

what tissue lines the pericardium (lungs)

simple cuboidal epithelium

what tissue lines the kidney tubule for urine secretion?

simple columnar

what tissue lines your intestine for nutrient absorption

for protection from trauma and wear and tear and stretching

what is the function of stratified epithelial tissue

stratified squamous epithelium

what tissue lines the vaginal canal?

stratified cuboidal epithelium

what tissue lines the milk ducts in the breast?

stratified columnar epithelium

what tissue lines the throat for protection?

stratified transitional epithelium

what tissue lines the urinary bladder for stretch and protection?

sweeping / cleaning and moving fluids along a surface

function of psuedostratified epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what tissue lines the respiratory tract?

endocrine glandular epithelium

release secretions directly into the blood without the use of ducts

endocrine glandular epithelium

exocrine glandular epithelium

exocrine glandular epithelium

secretes non-hormones to the tissues of the body using ducts

connects structures together

fills internal spaces

transports materials

stores energy

forms internal support

what are the functions of connective tissue

sarcoma

when non-epithelial tissue becomes cancerous

connective tissue

what is the most abundant tissue in the body

connective tissue

very vascular tissue

connective tissue

not easily regenerated tissue

ground substance

the “glue” that holds the connective tissue together

ground substance and protein fibers

what make up the matrix of connective tissues?

extracellular

is the matrix of connective tissue intracellular or extracellular?

adipose

areolar

reticular

what are the 3 loose connective tissues?

regular

irregular

elastic

what are the 3 dense connective tissues?

hyaline

elastic

fibrous

what are the 3 cartilage types of connective tissue?

fibroblasts

what type of cells are in the loose and dense connective tissue

chondrocytes

waht type of cell makes up cartilage?

osteocyte

what cell type is in bone

white cell

red cell

platelets

what cells make up blood

white blood cells (lymphocytes)

what type of blood cells are in lymph?

hyalauronic acid

what is the ground substance in loose and dense connective tissue?

chondroitan sulfate

what ground substance is in cartilage

mineral salt crystals

what ground substance is in bone?

water (plasma)

what is the ground substance in blood? and lymph?

around organs

where is areolar tissue found in the body?

stores fat as triglycerides, and insulates

function of adipose tissue

internal support for organs

function of reticular tissue

tendons and ligaments

what does dense regular tissue make up?

forms fasciae and membranes

what does dense irregular tissue make in the body

lung and in the aorta

where is elastic connective tissue found?

lacunae

where chondrocytes sit in their cartilage

hyaline cartilage

cartilage that is flexible and makes up joints

fibrous cartilage

shock absorbing tissue in discs

elastic cartilage

cartilage that bends and is resilient in the outer ear

defense, transport, and clotting

functions of blood

movement and thermogenesis

function of muscle tissue

vascular

parallel arranged cells

limited regeneration

characteristics of muscle tissue

muscle hypertrophy

muscle cells increase in size not number

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

order of somatic cell division

division of germinative cells (stem cells) located near the basement membrane

how is epithelial tissue replaced?

osteosarcoma

name of bone cancer

chondrosarcoma

name of cartilage cancer

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

what are the 3 types of muscle

carries electrical signals from one part of the body to the next

function of nervous tissue