plant organelles

leucoplasts

non-pigmented, specialized secretory tissue used as gravity sensors that direct root growth downward and create strong smell

amyloplast

starch storage in shoots/roots

chromoplasts

high concentration of carotenoids- yellow, red, and orange pigments

lytic vacuoles

protein trafficking, larger and less numerous containing hydrolases

cell plate

wall-like structure that separates new daughter cells

phragmoplast

formed at telophase of mitosis- network of microtubules and F actin

cytokinesis

separation of daughter cells by the reformation of plasma membrane for each daughter cells and the formation of cell plate

lignin

group of polymers of aromatic alcohols that are hard and provide strength to the structure of the wall and highly cross-linked

primary cell wall

mainly composed of cellulose in the form of organized microfibrils, enabling the cell to elongate

glycans

glycosidically linked monosaccharides increasing tensile strength of cellulose parallel to the cellulose macrofibrils

pectin

soluble fiber that forms a gel in which cellulose is embedded, forming interlocking matrix that controls the spacing of macrofibrils and porosity, providing the cell wall the ability to resist compression

hemicellulose

B (1,4) glucose backbone with a heterogeneous group of polysaccharides that bind to the surface of cellulose to link microfibrils into a network secreted in vesicles

cellulose synthase

enzyme that synthesizes cellulose embedded in the plasma membrane

cellulose

B (1,4) glucose -OH is above synthesized by a plasma membrane in a rosette-like structure of 6 subunits

cell wall

outside plasma membrane made of cellulose and polymers giving the cell rigidity and strength

central vacuole

large membrane-bound (tonoplast) vacuole that stores proteins, pigments, and waste material to maintain the tonicity of the cell

plasmodesmata

junctional complexes between adjacent cells penetrating cell layers

what is the plasmodesmata?

membrane lined channel filled with cytoplasm and central membrane rod

middle lamellae

plasmodesmata penetrate all 3 walls, providing pathways for transporting cytoplasmic molecules from one cell to another, cementing neighboring cells firmly together

secondary cell wall

pectin replaced by lignin, causing thicker/stronger cell wall