Unit 4 AP Human Geography

geopolitics

study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography

territoriality

the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

organic theory

expansion to feed new growth or stagnation results (If you are not growing, you are dying)

heartland theory

1904: Sir Halford Mackinder's theory: take over Eastern Europe and spread outwards

rimland theory

Spykman's theory that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power

defined boundary

boundary is created in agreement between two parties in a treaty or other legal document

delimited boundary

boundary is drawn on a map by cartographers and "agreed" to by two sides

demarcated boundary

a boundary marked by some visible means on the ground
• EX: wall posts, fence, etc.

natural boundary

a boundary created by physical features, such as a mountain, river, or strait; Missouri River

geometric boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines; Libya and Egypt

cultural boundary

A boundary that follows the distribution of cultural characteristics; rice or wheat based food in China

antecedent boundary

a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated; US and Canada's use of 49th parallel

subsequent boundary

A boundary drawn after a cultural landscape is already in place; N. Ireland and Republic of Ireland

relic boundary

a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features; boundary between West and East Germany

superimposed boundary

a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern; Berlin Conference dividing Africa

militarized boundary

a boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages movement; N & S Korea

open boundary

a boundary where crossing is unimpeded; Schengen Agreement areas of Europe

definitional boundary

Conflict over how to interpret the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract; mountain areas of Chile and Argentina

locational boundary

a boundary dispute on where a boundary should be; post-WWI Germany and Poland

irredentism

any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland

operational boundary

a boundary dispute that involves how the boundary functions; Syrian refugees crossing into Europe

allocational boundary

A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region; Iraq invaded Kuwait for digging horizontal oil wells

United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

establishes how far into the ocean a state's influence extends

territorial sea

a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state

contiguous zone

24 nmi from baseline, state can enforce laws in areas of customs, taxation, immigration or pollution

Exclusive Economic Zone

-To 230 miles (370 kilometers) in which state has right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage

high seas

refers to the area of the sea beyond the national jurisdiction of any state

electorate

all of the people entitled to vote in a given election

census

A periodic and official count of a country's population.

reapportionment

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

redistricting

the drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes

gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

cracking

dividing an opponent's voters into other districts to weaken the opponent's voter base

packing

drawing the lines so they include as many of the opposing party's voters as possible

stacking

diluting (minimizing) a minority populated district by adding majority populations

hijacking

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

kidnapping

moving a district where an elected representative has support to an area where they do not have support

shatterbelt

A politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict.

unitary state

A state with a strong central government that retains most of the political power

federal state

an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government

compact state

a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

elongated state

a state with a long, narrow shape

prorupted state

an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

perforated state

A state that completely surrounds another state. (Example: South Africa)

fragmented state

a state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous

annexation

The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.

networks

a set of interconnected nodes/entities without a center; social media, transportation

globalization

the process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade

supranationalism

term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit; NATO, EU, UN

horizontal integration

the merging of companies that make similar products

vertical integration

system of consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture

devolution

transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments

terrorism

the use of violence by groups against civilians to achieve a political goal

subnationalism

regional and other alliances within a state that rival the state's dominant nationalism

balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

democratization

the transition to a more democratic political regime

time-space compression

term for the reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distance place; technology is big driver

regionalism

loyalty to the interests of a particular region

homogeneous

all of the same or similar kind or nature

transnational corporation

a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries

state

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

nation

a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity

nation-state

a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity

multinational state

state with more than one nation within its borders

autonomous region

self ruled region within another country - examples: Hong Kong in China, Northern Ireland in the UK

stateless nation

nation that does not have a state

multistate nation

nation that stretches across borders and across states

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

centripetal forces

forces that tend to unite or bind a country together, PET

centrifugal forces

forces that tend to divide a state, FU

imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

colonialism

exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one

Berlin Conference, 1884

European powers divided up Africa without worrying about borders or cultures

decolonization

The process by which former colonies gain their independence from the mother country

neocolonialism

the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control

genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial, religion, ethnicity, or nation group

Cold War

the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II

satellite state

a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country

ethnic cleansing

the systematic killing or extermination of an entire ethnicity

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves