Science Grade 9 - Applications of Micro-organisms, Eye and Ear, Nature and Properties of Matter, Force, Pressure, Human Circulatory System, Plant Growth Substances, Support and Movements of Organisms, and The Evolutionary Process

Vocabulary flashcards covering various science concepts for Grade 9 students, based on provided lecture notes.

Micro-organisms

Unicellular or multicellular organisms which cannot be seen clearly with the naked eye.

Bacteria

Unicellular and microscopic organisms with different body shapes, widely spread in every type of environment on Earth.

Fungi

Unicellular or multicellular organisms that thrive on moist surfaces (substrate). Reproductive organs of some fungi can be seen with the naked eye.

Protozoa

Unicellular and microscopic organisms that use structures such as cilia, pseudopodia, and flagella for locomotion and live in aquatic environments as well as in other living organisms.

Algae

Unicellular or multicellular organisms that are filamentous or thallus body forms, possess chlorophyll, and have the ability of photosynthesis; microscopic algae floating on the water surfaces are called phytoplanktons.

Viruses

Electron microscopic entities that display both living and non-living characteristics and multiply only inside the living cells.

Nitrogen fixation

The process by which bacteria, such as Rhizobium, absorb atmospheric Nitrogen directly in the nodules of legumes.

Bio fertilizers

Substances which make the soil rich with nutrients by using micro-organisms.

Antibiotics

Chemicals produced in the body of a microbe to destroy or sabotage another micro-organism.

Vaccines

An agent that resembles a disease-causing micro-organism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or from its toxins.

Anti-toxins

Bio-chemical substances synthesized using toxins (produced by pathogenic bacteria) by removing its toxic components.

Industrial Microbiology

Using micro-organisms in industrial activities for economic benefits.

Bio-leaching

The most simple and effective technology used for the metal extraction from low-grade ores, by the use of microbes.

Bio-remediation

The technology used to remove environmental pollutants using micro-organisms.

Pathogen

A micro-organism that has the potential to cause a disease.

Vector

Mosquitoes and flies which carry the pathogen to the host.

Host

An organism, who provides its body inside or outside as the substrate to growth of the pathogen.

Long sight (hypermetropia)

An eye defect where a person is able to see far objects clearly, but close objects become unclear, often due to the inability to increase the curvature of the eye lens or the eye ball being too short.

Short sight (myopia)

An eye defect where a person sees nearby objects clearly while distant objects appear blurred, often due to the inability to reduce the curvature of the eye lens or due to the elongation of the eye ball.

Binocular vision

The ability to maintain visual focus on an object with both eyes creating a single visual image.

Stereoscopic vision

The ability of the eye to determine the depth of an object or the height of it.

Cataract

A cloudiness or opacity in normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye, often due to the denaturing of proteins in the eye lens.

Glaucoma

A disease that gradually reduces the visual range of the eye and leads to blindness due to the damage of the optic nerve, often the result of high blood pressure inside the eye.

Pressure

The force exerted over a unit area or the perpendicular force acting normally on an unit area.

Newton (N)

According to the international system (SI) of units, magnitude of force is measured in this units.

Pascal (Pa)

The standard unit of measuring pressure is N m-2, and it is also known as this name.

Force

Simply a pull or a push.

Vector quantities

The quantities that have a magnitude as well as a direction.

Point of application of force

The point of an object, on which the force is exerted.

Atria

The upper chambers of the heart.

Ventricles

The lower chambers of the heart.

Arteries

The blood vessels that take blood away from the heart.

Veins

The vessels that take the blood towards the heart.

Capillaries

Walls of this consists of a single cell layer. Nutrients and gases in blood diffuse into the cells and the waste matter in the cells diffuse into this.

Plasma

The liquid part of the blood.

Red blood cells/ erythrocytes

These blood cells contain a red pigment which is called haemoglobin.

Haemoglobin

Carries oxygen from lungs to the body cells and gives blood its red color.

White blood cells/ leukocytes

These blood cells defend the body by destroying pathogens and producing antibodies.

Platelets

These blood cells help in the clotting process of blood at a bleeding site.

Blood transfusion

The transfer of blood from one individual to another.

Donor

The person who donates blood.

Recipient

The person who receives blood.

Universal recipient

Blood group AB can receive blood from all other blood groups, therefore, it is called this.

Universal donor

Blood group O can donate to all the other blood groups, therefore, it is called this.

Agglutination

Clumping of the transfused blood particles in the body of the recipient.

Blood clotting/ coagulation

An important process that prevents excessive bleeding when there is an injury or internal bleeding.

Plant growth substances

The chemical compounds which regulate the growth of a plant. Some promote growth while some inhibit it.

Auxins

A growth promoting hormone in plants, which stimulate cell elongation in stem and root.

IAA (Indole Acetic Acid)

A natural growth substance found in plants.

Gibberellins

Promote mainly the elongation of the stem and growth of the fruits.

Cytokinins

Accelerates the cell division, accelerating the growth of flowers, leaves, fruits and roots. They stimulate seed germination and delay plant aging.

Tropic movements

Growth or movements that occur due to a direct influence between the direction of stimulus and direction of response (positive or negative).

Nastic movements

Movements where the response direction does not depend on the direction of stimulus, and they are not related with growth substances triggered by external stimulus.

In-situ conservation

Conservation of an organism, in its living environment.

Evolution

Gradual development occurred from simple organisms to modern complex organisms.

Fossil

The preserved remains of an organism, a part of an organism or traces (foot prints, prints on shells) of a dead organism.

Living fossils

Organisms that survive even today retaining their physical properties unchanged though million years have passed (do not undergo evolutionary process).

Big Bang theory

A modern theory about the origin of the Earth or universe.

Primordial soup

A mixture where gases reacted with each other and the ingredients that make life possible were formed.