Sociology Chapters 9 and 10 Test

Race

category of people who share observable PHYSICAL characteristics and whom are seen as distinct

Ex: Caucasoid (white completed),

Negriod (dark completed),

Mongoloid (yellow complected)

Ethnicity

set of CULTURAL characteristics that distinguishes one group from another;

Ex: Hispanics

Minority Group

treated differently based on race or ethnicity

Sociological Minority

group larger in #’s but treated like a minority

Ex: South Africa Pre 1964

Dominant Group

group that possesses the power and privilege

Ex: Upper caste in India,

The Sunnies in Saudi Arabia

Characteristics Distinguishing Minority Groups

Group that possess indenifiable physical or cultural characteristics that differ from the dominant group

Group members receive unequal treatment from the dominant group

Membership in the group are ascirbed, or assigned, status

Group members share a strong bond and a sense of group loyalty

Members tend to marry within the group

Predjudice

unsupported attitude or belief toward a group;

Ex: Stereotypes

Discrimination

unfair treatment of a group;

generally based on prejudice;

Actions;

Ex: Hate Crime,

Antisemitism,

Racism,

Colorism,

Legal Discrimination (Plessy vs. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws), Institutional Discrimination

Merton’s Pattern of Prejudice and Discrimination

Argued that prejudice and discrimination are related but do always go hand-in-hand;

Came up with 4 different types of ways people discrimination and prejudice;

The Active Bigot,

The Timid Bigot,

The Fair-Weather Liberal,

The All-Weather Liberal

Active Bigot

is prejudice and openly discriminatory

Timid Bigot

is prejudice, but is afraid to discriminate because of societal pressures

Fair-Weather Liberal

is not prejudiced but discriminates anyway because of societal pressure.

All-Weather Liberal

is not prejudiced and does not discriminate.

Patterns of Minority Group Treatment

Starting top to bottom, the top being the highest in acceptance and the bottom being the lowest in acceptance.

Cultural Pluralism,

Assimilation,

Legal Protection,

Subjugation,

Segregation,

Population Transfer,

Extermination

Cultural Pluralism

ethnic, Religious, and Racial variety are encouraged;

Ex: Switzerland

Assimilation

Culturally distant groups blended into a single group with a common culture;

Ex: U.S. (Melting Pot)

Legal Protection

Minority rights are protected by law;

Ex: U.S. and Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title 6

Subjuction

dominant group controls every aspect of minority group life through force;

Ex. Apartheid in Africa,

Plessy v. Feurguson

Segregation

minority groups are physically separated from the dominant group;

Ex. Japanese Interment Camps,

Ethnic Clensing

Population Transfer

dominant group moves the minority group to new locations within or outside of the country;

Ex. Relocation of Native Americans

Reactions to Discrimination

Submission, Withdraw, Imitation, Aggiation

Aggiation as a Reaction to Discrimination

civil rights movement,

political correctness,

woke,

cancel culture

DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion)

Minority groups in the U.S.

1. White,

2. Hispanic,

3. Black,

4. Asain,

5. Mixed,

6. Other

Functionalist Perspective

the dominant group’s self-concept improved;

scapegoat

Conflict Perspective

dominant group keeps power and control

Ex. Jim Crow, Gerry Mandering

Interactionalist Perspective

prejudice learned in language children hear

Patrearchy

a system in which men are dominant over women

Sexism

belief that one sex is superior to another;

mistreatment

Senneca Falls

convention called for female suffrage

Education

Majority of people in higher education are female;

Title 9 (gender equity in sports)

Family

Men have custodal rights;

Lessure Gap (working women come home and do traditional household duties)

Politics

Women are the majority of the Voting Age population and more likely to vote;

Men hold most of the political positions

Work

Wage gender gap (85cents);

Pink Collar Jobs (Jobs associated with women);

Glass Ceiling (barriers that prevent women from advancing)

Functionalist Perspective on Gender Inequality

Different roles benefit mankind

Ex. Females: nurturing at home

Conflict Perspective on Gender Inequality

Men benefit when women are subordinate

Ex. Work, Politics, Money

Interactionalist Perspective on Gender Inequality

socialization through family, schools, etc

Ageism

beliefs used to justify inequalities based on age

Gray Power

large older population has much political clout;

influence changes to gov’t programs such as Social Security and Medicare

Functionlist Perspective on Age Discrimination

economic value decreases with age

Conflict Perspective on Age Discrimination

Forced retirements open jobs for younger workers

Interactionist

negative images of the elderly passed onto young people

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

makes discrimination against those with disabilities illegal;

addresses 4 areas

Employment,

Public Services,

Public Accommodations,

Telecommunication

Immigration rushes in order

W. Europe;

Asia; E. Europe;

Latin Am.

(Barcero Program)

Immigration and Naturalization Service

regulates permanent residency and deportations

Naturalization

becoming an American citizen

In order to become a citizen

you have to be a good moral person (don’t want criminals);

be able to read, write, and understand simple words in English (have to be functional);

Need to know the fundamentals of U.S. History and government

Coyotes

people who smuggle people into the U.S.

Approx. 62 million Latinos in U.S.

1 in 6 U.S. citizens;

1 in 4 babies born in U.S.

2050 Projects

46% White,

30% Hispanic,

15% Black,

9% Asian

2025

approx. 16% or 53 million of the U.S. population is foreign-born born

2016

approx. 11-18 million illegal immigrants;

some calculate no net gain of immigrants in U.S.

Occupations with the highest % of illegal immigrants

agriculture, building grounds/maintenance, construction, food preparation/ service, manufacturing

+10 million annually added to Social Security and Medicare’s suspense fund

some have fake social security numbers and some given legal tax numbers

2015 U.S. immigrants country of origin

Mexico (26.9%),

India (5.5%),

China (4.8%),

Philippines (4.6%),

El Salvador (3.1%)

Anchor Babies

14th Amendment provides birthright citizenship;

A child born to a noncitizen mother in a country that has birthright citizenship, especially such a child born to parents seeking to secure eventual citizenship for themselves and often other members of their family.

2012 Deferred Actions for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

allows minors who entered the U.S. before their 16th birthday and before June 2007 to stay;

DREAMERS

President Trump

orders limitations of immigrants from countries with terrorist ties; increases deportations of immigrants with criminal records;

BORDER WALL

2024

Caravans at the borders, many seeking asylum;

buses full of illegals to cities

2025

increases in the # of arrest;

decrease in the # of boarder crossings;

many illegal visa overstays

Immigration gold card

$5 million to be able to be let in the United States (mainly for work)

Amnesty

legal forgiveness

Institutionalized Discrimination

an outgrowth of the structure of a society;

pushes minorities into less powerful positions in society;

this then becomes a part of the social structure;

extremely hard to change

Stereotype

an oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a group of people

W.I. Thomas

Famous theorem is people act based on what they believe to be true not necessarily on what is true

Racism

the belief that one’s own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethic groups

Theodor Adorno

a psychologist who found that prejudiced people often show characteristics of what Adorno called an authoritarian personality

(more likely to conform to order of authority figures, these people tend to blame others for their problems)

Scapegoating

placing blame for one’s troubles on an innocent individual or group

Affirmative Action

programs that give preference to racial and ethnic minorities and women for jobs and school admission;

designed to correct the past imbalances in educational and employment opportunities available to minority groups.

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating other people and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.

Merton's 4 types of individuals

Conformists, innovators, ritualists, and retreatists as outlined in Robert Merton's strain theory.

Anti-antisemitism

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Colorism

Prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

Political correctness

The avoidance of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against.

Racial profiling

The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense.

Dejure segregation

Racial segregation that is mandated by law.

Defacto segregation

Racial segregation that happens

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.

Glass ceiling

An unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities.

Gender/salary gap

The difference between wages earned by men and wages earned by women.

Immigration stats

Statistics related to the movement of people into a country to which they are not native.

Immigration patterns

The ways in which people move into a country, region, or area.

DAC Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

an American immigration policy that allows some individuals who were brought to the United States illegally as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit.

Gray power

Political power and influence exerted by older people.

Agitating for change

Actively campaigning to bring about political or social change.

Hate crime

A crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice, typically one involving violence.

Population stat projection

Estimations of future population sizes based on current data and trends.

Stonewall Riots

A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.