History and Theories of Settlement Planning

Vocabulary review of urban planning history, movements, key figures, and models of development.

Jericho

An early settlement in Israel dating back to $9000\,BC$ with a well-organized community of about $3000$ people enclosed within a circular stone wall.

Khirokitia

A $5500\,BC$ settlement in Cyprus documented as the 1st settlement with streets, featuring circular structures with flat roofs.

Catalhuyuk

The largest neolithic city in Turkey (Asia Minor) covering $13$ hectares with $10,000$ people, characterized by an intricately assembled complex without streets.

Hippodamus

The first noted urban planner who introduced the grid system and proposed an ideal city to be inhabited by $10,000$ men.

Domus and Insulae

Basic Roman housing units where the former reflects the dwellings of the wealthy and the latter refers to apartment blocks for lower social classes.

Medieval Organic City

A town type from the medieval ages consisting of a 'boug' (military town) and a 'fauborg' (citizen's town).

Laws of the Indies

City guidelines produced by King Philip II of Spain that established three types of towns: pueblo, presidio, and mission.

Robert Owen

A Welsh reformer and advocate of utopian socialism who established Owenite Communities and pioneered the cooperative movement.

Une Cite Industrielle

A linear urban masterplan designed by Tony Garnier for approximately $35,000$ inhabitants, emphasizing the emancipation of man from monotony and the inherent cooperation of people.

Garden City Movement

A planning concept initiated by Ebenezer Howard proposing circular cities of $30,000$ people surrounded by a permanent agricultural belt.

City Beautiful Movement

An American planning movement led by Daniel Hudson Burnham focusing on civic pride, grand boulevards, and monumental architecture as symbols of power.

Ville Radieuse

Also known as The Radiant City, Le Corbusier's masterplan featuring zoning, mega-skyscrapers, and 'Unites' function as vertical villages.

Broadacres

Frank Lloyd Wright's decentralization vision where every individual is given at least $1$ acre of land to achieve dignity through land stewardship.

Arcology

A term coined by Paolo Soleri combining Architecture and Ecology to describe very densely populated, ecologically low-impact human habitats.

Ekistics

The science of human settlements, a term coined by Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis from the Greek word 'oikos'.

Ekistic Elements

The five components of human settlements: Nature, Man, Society, Shells, and Networks.

Executive Order 419

A decree by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on September 19, $1973$, creating a Task Force on Human Settlements, later becoming the Ministry of Human Settlements headed by Imelda Marcos.

RA 7279

The Urban Development and Housing Act (UDHA) of March 24, $1992$, aimed at uplifting underprivileged and homeless citizens through socialized housing and urban renewal.

Urbanization

The process by which a community acquires an urban character, often through the redistribution of population from rural to urban settlements.

Urbanism

The conditions of life associated with living in cities, expressed through changes in values, customs, and behaviors of the resident population.

Highly Urbanized Cities (HUC)

Cities with a minimum population of $200,000$ and an annual income of at least Fifty Million Pesos ($50,000,000$) based on $1991$ constant prices.

Concentric Zone Theory

An urban model by Ernest Watson Burgess where uses are arranged in concentric rings, including a transition zone for CBD expansion.

Sector Model

An urban model conceptualized by Homer Hoyt stating that cities grow in sectors along transportation lines, with high-rent areas following fashionable boulevards.

Multiple Nuclei Model

An urban model by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman where land use evolves around several nodes or focal points rather than a single core.

Urban Realms

An urban model proposed by James Vance representing self-sufficient sectors and independent realms influenced by the impact of the automobile.