Ecology review for final

Chp22-landscape ecology Chp.23 Global conservation , and review exam material

A social interaction in which both the donor's fitness and the recipient's fitness are increased is called.

 cooperation

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A type _____ functional response occurs when a predator's rate of prey consumption increases linearly with increasing prey and then satiates.

type II

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Animals that live in groups have a reduced individual probability of predation. This is known as

dilution effect

Huffaker's laboratory experiment of predator and prey species of mites demonstrated that predator and prey cycles

 stabilize when prey have refuges.

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In Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions, c represents

 the probability of an encounter leading to prey's capture.

The coefficient of relatedness measures

 the probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor.

The viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is a palatable North American butterfly that has coloration similar to that of another species of unpalatable butterfly, the monarch (Danaus plexippus). This is an example of

Batesian mimicry

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What is the driving force in the 10-year cycle of lynx and hare abundance?

predation

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Interspecific competition occurs

 when any two different species compete for a limited resource.

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The competitive exclusion principle states that two organisms cannot coexist indefinitely when they

are limited by the same resources.

The mathematical models for competition between species are based on the _____ equation.

 logistic population growth

When considering the phase diagram below, the dotted line represents the zero net growth isocline (ZNGI) for which species?

Species 2

When considering the phase diagram below, to what population size would species 1 grow if species 2 is absent from the interaction?

100

When considering the phase diagram below, what is the outcome of interspecific competition between species 1 and 2?

Species 1 outcompetes and excludes species 2

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When wolves and coyotes compete, reductions in numbers of coyotes are attributed to a virus the wolves carry that is more harmful in coyotes. This is an example of

 apparent competition.

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Organisms that feed at more than one trophic level are called __________.

Omnivores

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Please choose from the lists below the proper order of three words that best characterize the three mechanisms of succession proposed by Connell and Slatyer: facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance. The words should relate properly to the effect of one species on the probability of a second species becoming established during succession.

positive, negative, neutral

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The Island of Krakatau has provided an ideal setting for studies of which kind of succession?

primary

The ultimate association of species terminating a succession is called a __________ community.

climax

Which of the following concepts of community organization suggests that a community is much more than the sum of its individual parts?

 holistic concept

Consider a biologist studying a population of deer. At the beginning of the year, there are 100 adult deer in the population. Over the course of the year, 15 adult deer die, and an additional 25 deer are born. What can we conclude about *r* for this year?

a metapopulation.

Consider a biologist studying a population of deer. At the beginning of the year, there are 100 adult deer in the population. Over the course of the year, 15 adult deer die, and an additional 25 deer are born. What can we conclude about *r* for this year?

 *r* > 1

Consider moose that breed in the fall and give birth in the spring. During breeding, the moose population is below carrying capacity, but once the young moose are born, the moose population far exceeds carrying capacity. This is an example of

delayed density dependence.

Ecology is:

The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and the environment

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The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms

In the example of Nemoria caterpillars’ mimicking oak tree structures, Erick Greene monitored the development of individual caterpillars in separate containers under treatments of different temperature, photoperiod, or diet. \n The response variable in this example is:

The development into either catkin or twig mimics

In what way is the geometric growth model different from the exponential growth model?

**The geometric growth model uses regular time intervals.**

Which form of population growth results in an S-shaped curve?

 logistic growth

A mature female sockeye salmon swims up to 5,000 km from her Pacific Ocean feeding ground to the mouth of a coastal river in British Columbia and then another 1,000 km upstream to her spawning ground. Once there, she lays thousands of eggs in her single reproductive event and promptly dies. The salmon's reproductive life history is

semelparous

Fecundity is

the number of offspring produced by an organism per reproductive episode.

How does having a large number of offspring affect a parent's fitness for subsequent breeding seasons?

The increased energy needed to feed many offspring may lower adult survival in the following breeding season.

The principle of allocation states that life history traits are adapted to maximize

fitness

Which life history type do mammals exhibit?

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convection

An endemic species is one that

has a relatively restricted distribution.

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Declines in genetic diversity can

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reduce the probability that a population will survive changing environmental conditions.

The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) was saved from extinction by

captive breeding and species reintroduction.

The Svalbard facility on an island north of the Norwegian mainland was constructed to store

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seeds.

The cancer drug Taxol, which originally came from the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia), is an example of a _____ service.

provisioning

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The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery in the early 1990s was the result of

overharvesting.

The largest cause of declining biodiversity is

habitat loss.

What is the process by which the concentration of a contaminant increases as it moves up the food chain?

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biomagnification

Which chemical caused declines in predatory bird populations in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States?

DDT

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In which biogeographic region is the United States?

Nearctic

About 250 million years ago, all of Earth's landmasses were joined as a single landmass called

Pangaea.

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The movement of landmasses across the surface of Earth is called

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continental drift.

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For marine organisms, the highest diversity is seen at _____ and the lowest diversity is seen at _____.

low latitudes; high latitudes

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Based on the theory of island biogeography, which statement about reserve designs is TRUE?

One large reserve is better than many small reserves.

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The equilibrium theory of island biogeography states that the number of species on an island reflects a balance between

colonization of new species and extinction of existing species

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MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography considers both species–area relationships and

isolation.

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Small intervening patches that dispersing organisms can use to move between large favorable habitats are called

stepping stones.

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Which of the following is NOT an effect of fragmentation of a large contiguous habitat?

The amount of edge habitat decreases.

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A classic study by MacArthur and Wilson demonstrated that as the size of islands increases, species

richness increases.

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Local species diversity is also called _____ diversity.

alpha

A long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area is called a _____ effect.

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legacy

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Which field considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales?

landscape ecology

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The reduction in habitat size resulting from fragmentation causes a decline in species diversity for what reason?

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Fragments support smaller populations that are more prone to extinction.

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On which type of island should we expect to see the lowest level of biodiversity when equilibrium is reached?

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a small island located far from the source of colonizing species.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the number of species of plants generally

increases from north to south.

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Based on the theory of island biogeography, which statement about reserve designs is TRUE?

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One large reserve is better than many small reserves

As habitat _____, species diversity _____.

heterogeneity increases; increases

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All of the species in all of the habitats that constitute a large geographic area are called

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regional diversity.

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About 150 million years ago THE single landmass separated into northern and southern landmasses called

Laurasia and Gondwana.

Which field considers the spatial arrangement of habitats at different scales?

landscape ecology

A long-lasting influence of historical processes on the current ecology of an area is called a _____ effect .

legacy

Eskers are legacy effects of

glaciers.

Researchers studying soil conditions and plant species between 1 and 500 meters from former Roman settlements found that sites closer to settlements had

all of the above

(Higher PH, more available phosphorus, greater species richness)

As habitat _____, species diversity _____

heterogeneity increases; increases

The number of species in a relatively small area of homogeneous habitat is called

local diversity

Local species diversity is also called _____ diversity

alpha

All of the species in all of the habitats that constitute a large geographic area are called

regional diversity.

Regional species diversity is also called _____ diversity.

gamma

A regional species pool is the collection of species

that differ in occurrence within a region.

Arranging species in the regional pool among localities according to their adaptations and interactions is called _____ sorting.

species

A classic study by MacArthur and Wilson demonstrated that as the size of islands increases, species

richness increases.

In species–area curves, S represents

number of species.

Which of the following equations describes the species–area curve?

S = cA^z

Which of the following describes the log-log form of the species area curve?

log S = log c + z log A

In the log-log form of the species–area curve, the slope of the relationship, z, is typically

0\.2 to 0.35.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of fragmentation of a large contiguous habitat?

The amount of edge habitat decreases

Which is NOT a way that edge habitat differs from interior habitat

Edge habitat has higher soil moisture.

When habitat is fragmented, a(n) _____ forms along the edges.

ecotone

Small intervening patches that dispersing organisms can use to move between large favorable habitats are called

stepping stones.

A graph of the number of species observed in relation to the number of individuals sampled is called a species _____ curve

accumulation

MacArthur and Wilson’s theory of island biogeography considers both species–area relationships and

isolation.

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography states that the number of species on an island reflects a balance between

colonization of new species and extinction of existing species

4\. In the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, S^ occurs where extinction _____ colonization.

equals

Smaller islands at equilibrium contain fewer species than larger islands at equilibrium because smaller islands have

greater extinction.

Islands at equilibrium that are farther from the mainland contain fewer species than nearer islands at equilibrium because farther islands have

less colonization.

Which of the following would be expected to have the largest population at equilibrium?

large near island

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which statement about reserve designs is TRUE

One large reserve is better than many small reserves.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the number of species of plants generally

increases from north to south

For marine organisms, the highest diversity is seen at _____ and the lowest diversity is seen at _____.

low latitudes; high latitudes

In North America, amphibian diversity is greatest in t

southeast

In North America, reptile diversity is greatest in the

south

Which of the following is NOT associated with low terrestrial diversity?

low precipitation

Given average temperature and humidity, potential evapotranspiration is the amount of water that could be

evaporated from the soil and transpired by plants

PET is a measurement that combines the amount of solar radiation and

precipitation.

According to the _____ hypothesis, sites with higher amounts of energy are able to support more species

energy-diversity

Marine environments are most diverse in _____ environments and most productive in _____ environments.

tropical; temperate

The movement of landmasses across the surface of the earth is called

continental drift