Chapter 15: DNA Technology and Genomics

Southern blot

A(n) ________ detects DNA fragments by separating them using gel electrophoresis and then transferring them to a nitro- cellulose or nylon membrane.

Geneticists

________ often construct recombinant DNA molecules by allowing the ends of a DNA fragment and a vector, both cut with the same restriction enzyme, to associate by complementary base pairing.

complementary base

A probe is then hybridized by ________ pairing to the DNA bound to the membrane, and the band or bands of DNA are identified by autoradiography or chemical luminescence.

TPA

Genetically altered bacteria produce many important human protein products, including insulin, growth hormone, tissue plasminogen activator (________), tissue growth factor- b (TGF- b), and clotting factor VIII.

Bioinformatics software

________ can be used to locate and compare the nucleotide sequence of newly cloned DNA sequences with related genes from other organisms.

DNA chips

________ can compare mRNA levels over entire genomes.

DNA

________ and protein sequences in databases can be analyzed using bioinformatics software to identify and compare the structures and functions of proteins expressed in related organisms.

Genes

________ present in genomic DNA from eukaryotes contain introns, regions that do not code for protein.

Northern

________ blotting identifies a specific mRNA species in gel electrophoresis blots of mRNA isolated from different tissues using a radioactive probe.

PCR

Using ________, scientists amplify and analyze tiny DNA samples taken from various sites, from crime scenes to archaeological remains.

DNA fingerprinting

________ has applications in areas such as law enforcement, issues of disputed parentage, and tracking tainted foods.

developmental process

The connection of the silenced or knocked- out gene to a phenotypic defect indicates that the gene plays some essential role in that biochemical or ________.

RT PCR

________ uses automated machines to measure PCR- amplified levels of cDNAs from reverse- transcribed mRNAs.

heat resistant

The sequence is amplified by repeatedly heating the target DNA to separate the strands and then copying the single- stranded target sequences using a(n) ________ DNA polymerase.

eukaryotic genes

Because introns have been removed from mature mrNA molecules, ________ in cDNA libraries can be expressed in bacteria to produce functional protein products.

polymerase chain reaction

The ________ (PCR) is a widely used, automated, in vitro technique in which researchers use specific primers to target a particular DNA sequence.

genomic DNA

The cDNAs are then annealed cDNAs in microdots that were synthesized using previously sequenced ________ data.

Transgenic organisms

________ have foreign DNA incorporated into their genetic material.

Western blot

A(n) ________ consists of proteins or polypeptides previously separated by gel electrophoresis.

Transgenic livestock

________ produce foreign proteins in their milk.

Transgenic plants

________ have great potential in agriculture.

DNA fingerprinting

________ is the analysis of an individuals DNA.

Researchers then clone-propagate and amplify

the resulting recombinant DNA in organisms such as E. coli

The connection of the silenced or knocked

out gene to a phenotypic defect indicates that the gene plays some essential role in that biochemical or developmental process