Chapter 9 Business good one Cartes

What is planning in business? and what ex

Managers decide goals and how to achieve them.

Example: A retail company plans to increase online sales by 20% next year by improving its website and marketing strategy.

Define organizing in a business context. and ex

process of arranging resources and tasks to achieve the objectives set during the planning phase.

ex ompany creates separate teams for website design, digital marketing, and customer service.

Explain the difference between job specialization and departmentalization. and result od special

Job specialization refers to the process of focusing on a specific task or job, Result: Higher efficiency and expertise.

departmentalization involves grouping jobs into departments based on functions, products, or geographical areas.

Describe the concept of economies of scale.

Producing in large quantities lowers cost per unit.

Example: A car manufacturer buys steel in bulk, reducing the cost per car.

Identify advantages and disadvantages of centralized authority. 2

Advantages: consistent decision-making and streamlined operations,

disadvantages :slower response times and reduced employee empowerment.

Give an example of a functional departmentalization.

Ex is departmentalization is a company that has separate departments for marketing, finance, and human resources.

What are Fayol's principles of management? 14

Division of work

• Authority and responsibility

• Discipline

• Unity of command

• Unity of direction

• Subordination of individual interests

• Remuneration

• Centralization

• Scalar chain

• Order

• Equity

• Stability of tenure

• Initiative

• Esprit de corps

What are Weber's bureaucratic principles? 3

a clear hierarchy of authority,

a defined set of rules and procedures, impersonal relationships to ensure fairness and efficiency.

What is the span of control?

Number of employees supervised by a manager.

Differentiate between wide and narrow spans of control.

A wide span of control means a manager supervises Manager supervises 15 employees.

a narrow span means a manager supervises Manager supervises 4 employees.

What is a tall organizational structure? And ex

Many layers of management.

Example:

Government agencies with multiple approval levels.

What is a flat organizational structure?

Few management levels.

Example:

A small tech startup where employees report directly to founders.

What is matrix organization

Employees report to two managers.

Example:

Engineer reports to functional manager and project manager.

What are self-managed teams?

Long-term cross-functional teams.

Example:

Product development team including marketing, finance, and engineering.

What is benchmarking?

Comparing to best companies.

Example:

A hospital studies another hospital known for fast emergency services.

Define core competencies.

What company does best.

Example:

Apple's core competency is product design and innovation.

What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?

Focus on customer satisfaction.

Example:

Hotel regularly surveys guests to improve service.

What is process re-engineering?

radical redesign Example:

Bank replaces paper loan applications with fully digital system.

What is organizational culture?

Shared values and beliefs.

Example:

Google promotes innovation and creativity.

Differentiate between formal and informal organization.

• Formal Organization

Official structure.

Example:

Organizational chart.

• Informal Organization

Unwritten relationships.

Example:

Employees go to a senior coworker for advice even if not their manager.

what is Economies of Scope (Demand Side)

Cost advantages from offering related products.

Example: A company sells shampoo, conditioner, and hair serum under one brand name — reducing marketing costs.