unit 8 ap world

Tsar Nicolas II

Tsar Nicolas II

Last ruler of Romanov Dynasty - loses in Russo-Japanese War - Abdicates after the February Revolution.

Bloody Sunday 1905

Large protest against Tsar Nicolas II - Russian police open fired on crowd killing 500-1000

February Revolution

The first of two uprisings of the Russian Revolution, which led to the end of the Romanov dynasty. Provisional government takes effect.

October Revolution

Bolsheviks overthrow the provisional government and seize control. Lenin assumes leadership and Russia becomes the first communist government in history.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917 . As leader of the Bolsheviks , he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917-1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.Instates the NEP (New Policy Policy).

Joseph Stalin

Authoritarian ruler of the Soviet Union / Used propaganda and a secret police force to eliminate opposition / Modernized the country through "Five Year Plans," which consisted of forced collectivization and industrialization. / Known for the Great Purge/Terror

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader; chairman of the Communist Party of the Chinese People's Republic 1949-76 and head of state. After reunification of China he enacted land reforms, that seized large estates and divided land into communes. Lead the Great Leap Forward-which was supposed to modernize and industrialize the country=led to famine.

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's attempt to modernize the Chinese economy and increase production. Through a use of five year plans, the plan created agricultural communes.

Causes of the Cold War

Competing ideologies / Capitalism vs. communism / Atomic bomb secrecy / Resentment during WWII - Soviet/German Non-Aggressive Pact & US against Russian Revolution / Division of Germany & Berlin / Cost of Soviet War in Afghanistan

Containment

The US policy following WWII to keep communism and the Soviet Union's sphere of influence from spreading to other countries.

Cold War

Economic and political ideological rivalry and tension between the US and Soviet Union where there was no direct engagement in warfare.

Iron Curtain

The ideological barrier that existed between Eastern and Western Europe; term coined by Winston Churchill

Sphere of Influence

An area in which a country has some political and economic control over another country.

Truman Doctrine

Declaration by President Harry S Truman that US foreign policy would use intervention to support peoples who allied with the United States and stood against communist expansion.

Marshall Plan

US foreign policy that offered economic aid to western European countries to rebuild after WWII and additionally help countries like Turkey and Greece. Its other goal was to prevent the spread of communism.

Berlin Blockade

One of the first major international crises of the Cold War. Soviets blocked Western Germany's railways and a key German city that was jointly occupied after WWII.

Berlin Airlift

Western powers fly supplies into West Berlin; Soviets lift blockade in May 1949

Red Scare

A period of anti-communism in the United States.

Arms Race

Contest in which nations compete to build more powerful weapons; seen during the Cold War with the US & Soviet Union.

Berlin Wall

Barrier constructed by the Soviets around West Berlin (1961) intended to stop the flow of refugees from East to West Germany.

Korean War

A war that broke out in 1950 when communist North Korea invaded democratic South Korea; Armistice signed in 1953 - however no peace treaty signed. Korea split on the 38th parallel.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Standoff between Soviet Union and United States in 1962 in Cuba. Following blockade by President Kennedy, Khrushchev agrees to remove nuclear weapons placed in Cuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961 Attempted US-backed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles with the intent to overthrow Castro. It failed horribly, and later precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Fidel Castro

Led a revolution in Cuba overthrowing dictator Batista; Took power in 1959; Created an alliance with the Soviet Union

John F. Kennedy

35th president of US; Involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis and the space race; Assassinated in 1963.

Nikita Khruschev

Leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies in 1953. Deploys missiles in Cuba after an alliance is created with Castros. Later believed in a peaceful co-existence. Responsible for de-Stalinization.

De-Stalinization

Period of time led by Khruschev where the rule of terror was ended and allowed for partial liberalization of Soviet society; Involved removing portraits of Stalin, renamed institutions, historians to rewrite textbooks, brought a new "thaw" to government, peaceful coexistence

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance of Eastern European countries created by the Soviet Union in response to the creation of NATO and US policy of containment.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a defense organization between the US and Western European countries formed due to the Cold War

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Vietnam War

Conflict in which the US sent troops to South Vietnam to "contain" the communist North; after the US pulls out of the war, North Vietnam took over and claimed South Vietnam to form a unified country.

Soviet War in Afghanistan

Conflict that lasted from 1979 to 1989. Part of the Cold War as it was fought between Soviet -led Afghan forces against the Mujahadeen who were supported by the US through training or weapons. After the Soviets pull out in 1989, a power vacuum is created and the Taliban (Islamic fundamentalist group) rises to control Afghanistan.

Leonid Brezhnev

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964-1982 after Khrushchev Key in Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Known for his limited sovereignty doctrine which stated that the Soviet Union could get involved in countries that stray from communist beliefs.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Foreign Policy of USSR that justified using force to keep communist countries from turning to capitalism. Used to justify invading Czechoslovakia in 1968 ending the Prague Spring.

Prague Spring

A term that refers to the social movements in Czechoslovakia. Under Alexander Dubcek, the people were promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom in 1968.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Former secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and president of the Soviet Union in 1990-91. His efforts to democratize his country's political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In part because he ended the Soviet Union's postwar domination of eastern Europe, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990.

Perestroika

Policy of restructuring pursued to modernize the Soviet political and economic system. Allowed for some market reforms

Glasnost

Policy of political openness

Ronald Reagan

Conservative President of the United States during the early 1980's; Increased Cold War rhetoric and signed arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. Strongly believed that communism was immoral.

Reasons for the Collapse of the USSR

Gorbachev's reforms / Outdated Soviet industries / Inflation and economic disaster / Ethnic tensions / Democratic movements / Independence movements / Criticism of the Soviet Union / cost of Soviet War in Afghanistan

Boris Yeltsin

First President of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union; Pushed for capitalist practices in Russia and the privatization of government owned businesses.

Great Leap Forward:

Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960.

Sun Yatsen

This person is often referred to as the Founding Father of Republican China, He helped end the Qing Dynasty. He organized the Guomindang (Nationalist Party).

Chiang Kiashek

Leader of the Nationalist party after Sun Yat-sen, fought against communism. After Japan invaded China in 1937 , Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the communist party. By the end of WWII, neither the communists or nationalists trusted each other. A Chinese civil war started in 1946 which drove Chiang and the nationalists government to retreat to Taiwan ,

Deng Xiaoping

Communist party leader in China that led China towards a market economy. He was responsible for the repression during the Tienanmen Square protests.

Tiananmen Square

Famous 1989 protest in China were students gathered for a pro-democracy movement. The protest was ended by the declaration of martial law by Deng and the invasion of the square.

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian revolutionary who believed in non-violence and civil disobedience. He supported a unified India despite movements for the creation of a Muslim Pakistan.He was assassinated by a Hindu extremist in 1948.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader of the Muslim League, 1876-1948, demanded the creation of Pakistan for Muslim population in India.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Close associate of Gandhi; Became India's first prime minister; supported western style industrialization; also was a key leader in the non-alignment movement.

Indian Partition

in 1947, independence was granted to British India, which was divided into two independent countries: predominantly Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.

Non-alignment Movement

An international, anti-colonialist movement of state leaders that promoted the interests of countries not aligned with the superpowers. Non-aligned countries often referred to as 3rd world countries.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and the Americans in South Vietnam until 1975

Indochina War

War between Vietnam and French. French agree to leave Vietnam which left Vietnam divided in to Communist north and Nationalist South

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. He was killed in a coup in 1963.

Zionism

the desire to establish a Jewish state in Palestine; in response to widespread anti-Antisemitism.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 statement issued by the British foreign secretary in favor of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Eventually, Israel was created in the 1947 Partition of the area.

Israel

Country created by the UN after the horrific events of the Holocaust during WWII. UN proposed a two-state partition within the area of Palestine.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

A political and military organization formed in the 1960s to unite Palestinian Arabs to bring independence to the state of Palestine, often through armed resistance.

Mustafa Kemal

Also known as Ataturk; Founder of the republic of Turkey as well as its first president and made Turkey a modern, secular state.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shia Islamic religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of the secular Iranian monarchy Following the revolution, he became the country's Supreme Leader. He was known for his support of the hostages taken during the Iran Hostage Crisis.

Apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-white in South Africa.

Afrikaner National Party

All white political party in South Africa that came to control in 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain, favored a rigid system of racial segregation known as apartheid.

African National Congress

An African political organization that pushed for an end to apartheid in South Africa. Nelson Mandela was a key leader to the resistance movement. ANC declared illegal by the Afrikaner National Party.

Soweto Uprising

(1976) a major student protest against apartheid that took place in South Africa after the government changed the laws so students would learn only in Afrikaans or English. The peaceful march turned violent.

Sharpville Massacre

Peaceful black protesters were attacked by the police in South Africa when protesters burned their passbooks at a police station.

Nelson Mandela

Long imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the President of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history.

Kwame Nkrumah

Nationalist leader who led the Gold Coast's drive for independence from Britain and presided over its emergence as the new nation of Ghana.

Jomo Kenyatta

Nationalist leader who was an anti-colonist and eventually negotiated independence from Great Britain for Kenya. He became the first prime minister (1963-64) and then the first president (1964-78) of independent Kenya.

Patrice Lumumba

First legally elected prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), was assassinated in 1961 by a plot between the US and Belgian governments due to his potential to sell uranium and other resources to the Soviet Union.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The international organization created by the Bretton Woods agreement whose objective is to promote the growth of world trade by making loans to countries experiencing balance-of-payments difficulties.

Al Qaeda

A stateless, terrorist organization that was led by Sunni radical Osama Bin Laden, responsible for 9/11 attacks

Osama Bin Laden

Former leader of Al-Qaeda, fought alongside the mujahideen in Afghanistan against the Soviets, offered Saudi Arabia assistance during Sadam Hussein's potential invasion, planned US embassy attacks in Africa and 9/11. Killed on May 1, 2011.

Military Industry Complex

Employing millions of Americans and having a financial stake in war-making

Metropoles

Large cities in the home country (place that many former colonized people moved post decolonization)

Imre Nagy

Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR which lead to the 1956 Hungarian revolt.

Alexander Dubcek

Leader of Czechoslovakia who introduced liberal reforms and was ousted by the Soviets, Prague Spring

Idi Amin

Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths

Shining Path

a terrorist group formed in Peru in the late 1960s as a splinter group from the communist party of Peru, led by Abimael Guzman

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Islamic State

A radical Islamist terrorist group that used to control of substantial parts of central Syria and Iraq, where it applies an extremist version of shari'a law.