crime and deviance

func - Durkhiem

Society of the Saints - crime is inevitable because smaller crimes will became made bigger.

It is functional for Boundary Maintenance and Social Change.

eva Durkheim

X does not say who this is functional for

func Merton

Strain Theories → Wester culture value material wealth the most and are expected to achieve it by legitimate means.

Lower classes who lack the ability to achieve by legitimate means so they turn to deviance .

Conformity and Rebellion are the main (innovation, ritualism, retreatism).

eva Merton

explains patterns shown in crime statistics as most crimes are property crimes.

BUT it takes crime stats at face value.

func Albert Cohen

subcultures provide an alternative opportunity structure for those who can’t achieve it by legitimate means.

Working class boys face anomie in the school system as they suffer from cultural deprivation.

eva Albert Cohen

Offers and explanation for non-utilitarian crime.

func Cloward & Ohlin

Criminal Subcultures → criminal subculture - criminal apprentice

conflict subculture - territorial, like gangs

retreatist subculture - drug abusers

eva Cloward & Ohlin

provides an explanation for different kinds of subculture.

also influential on later theories

func Davis

Prostitution → men can vent their frustrations on them because they have a higher sex drive than women and saves the nuclear family.

eva Davis

promotes adultery

old fashioned theory of men having higher sex drive

func Polsky

Pornography → men can explore their fantasies without having to endanger their marriage.

eva Polsky

ignores the harmful implications of the porn industry

marx Gordon

Crime is for every class type → Dog-Eat-Dog because the capitalist system is ran by greed.

Lower class commit crime because they are at disadvantage.

eva Gordon

gives an explanation for each type of crime

marx Snider

Tax Evasion → Laws effecting the the rich are not as vigorously enforced as laws that effect the lower class.

Large corporations are able to prevent laws that regulate their businesses as them and the gov work off of profit. (So the rich stay rich)

eva Snider

We lose more money to tax evasion than we do to benefit fraud yet fraud is looked at more.

max Chambliss

Law Making → laws are creating by the ruling class to benefit the capitalist class and that they are the ones able to define morality.

Media coverage helps with that.

Examples of this is the vagrancy law that stops rough sleeping but nothing to stop hoarding properties.

eva Chambliss

Many laws were made in the interest of the working class, like health and safety laws.

marx Pearce

Ideological laws → health and safety laws protect you from injury whilst giving a safe face for the business.

However, it just protects them from being sued and keeps the workers for profit.

eva Pearce

some laws appear to be apart of that agreement

sometimes lawsuits are wom and gets payouts.

neomarx Taylor, Walton & Young

Volunteerism > Determinism → they say traditional marxism is too deterministic. Being poor contributes but doesn’t cause someone to turn to crime.

Their Fully Social Theory → understanding fully why an offender offends.

eva Taylor, Walton & Young

left realists say they are romanticising criminals.

feminists say they do not consider women enough.

neomarx Hall et al

Policing the crisis → People from minorities are targetted and labelled more by the criminal justice system.

70’s - capitalism was in a crisis so the media started reporting about young Black men committing robberies. Created a moral panic.

They started responding to the label.

eva Hall et al

the myth of black criminality but then young black men began to respond to the title and encouraged to commit more crimes and be reported more.

fem Heidensohn

Patriarchal control → women can’t and wont commit crime because of the fear of the societal reaction and the lebels placed on them.

They are controlled too much in social situations and home that they don’t have the opportunity. There is also more male bosses so less likely of white collar crime.

Heidensohn eva

Otto Pollack → Chivalry Thesis

fem Otto Pollack

Chivalry Thesis → He says that courts are more leniant with women who can flirt or cry their way out of it because of their gender.

Meanwhile men get harsher sentences.

fem Walby

Female Victimisation → women get stuck in situations like abusive relationships that they have to commit crime to get out of. The media sexualises women and rapists are never convicted.

eva Walby

Women don’t report enough crime - needs to show up in official statistics

Too hollistic

fem Carlen

The Gender Class deal → unstructured interviews with 49 working class women convicted of crime anf found out they do it for 2 deals.

The class deal → doing it for material rewards (32/49 lived in poverty)

The gender deal → doing it for emotional rewards (usually sexually/physically abused in their past)

eva Carlen

Defy the chilvary thesis by Pollack

Small and unrepresentative sample.

fem Adler

the liberation thesis → if society becomes less patriarchal, women will commit more (violent) crimes. As many as men do.

The opportunity in work and education becomes more equal.

eva Adler

! Arrest and conviction rates for women have gone up

X most women in prison are because of their unpaid TV license.

X working class would be less effected by this change.

int Becker

Moral Entrepreneurs → People who want to campaign to get people to follow their idea.

Federal Bureau of Narcotics → want more money and power so they criminalise more things and lengthen the sentence. (Cocaine → Crack, Weed → Marijuana) This targets minority groups.

eva Becker

! They recognise that power can create deviance

X fails to analyse the SOURCE of the power

X too theoretical

int Lemert

Primary and Secondary deviance → Primary deviance is before the labelling. Usually unplanned.

Secondary is after the labelling, becoming a master status and gains a societal reaction.

eva Lemert

X deterministic

X implies deviants are unaware of themselves. Too much of a victim status (?)

int De Haan

Decriminalisation → Reducing the number of people with criminal records and stops the risk of secondary deviance.

Allows people to maintain contact with mainstream society.

eva De Haan

! Provides way to control and reduce crime activity.

X right realists are critical of the soft approach.

int Cicourel

Typifications → When there is a stereotypical delinquent. The police target working class males as they fit the stereotypical description of a deviant.

They then arrest more of these typifications because they are looking for them, which confirms it.

eva Cicourel

Explains how police recorded crime is recorded

X Criticised for giving criminals a victim status.

int Hudson + Bramhall

Pre-Sentence Reporting → Black people are 25x more likely to be stopped and searched in Dorset compared to White people.

Macpherson Report → White gang stabbed a Black boy and the police questioned the Black friend instead of the gang.

eva Hudson + Bramhall

! Still a report. Racist bullying in the police force towards Muslim police officers.

int Jock Young

The Hippies → Young uses Lemert’s theory. Drugs were a peripheral for the subculture before it became their master status after being the media’s folk devils.

eva Jock Young

X Deterministic

X Deviance may be a choice

int Stan Cohen

Mods and Rockers → Deviance amplification. The media labelled them as deviance after a fight on Brighton Beach.

eva Stan Cohen

X moral panic assumes that the societal reaction is an overreaction.

X Unable to explain the primary deviance.

! Fawbert’s Hoodies theory agrees with it.

pm Foucalt

Panoptical Prison → CCTV internalises the deviance, causes them to stop being deviant altogether because they’re unaware if they’re being watched or not.

CCTV cameras makes society like a panoptican prison

eva Foucalt

X Contradictory because he says that CCTV is the most powerful way to stop deviance but there’s ways to avoid it.

! People are less deviant because of social control.

pm Winlow

Bouncers → lack of traditionally manual (masculine) jobs, men feel as though they need to show their masculinity through drug dealing and violence.

There is too many leisure jobs that are less industrial.

eva Winlow

X only thinks about professional and violent crime.

X Drug dealing has been done for decades, it is not new.

pm Henry + Milivanovic

Reassess Crime → Need to give crime a new definition.

Harms of REPRESSION → Abstract harm

Harms of REDUCTION → Physical harm.

Current definition makes most people’s issues irrelevant.

eva Henry + Milivanovic

X can be difficult what what covers. What would verbal abuse cover?

X underestimate the amount of crime that would uprise.

pm Beck

Global Risk Society → The media prays on peoples fears and blames minority groups for society’s problems because they are an easy target.

Creates a hate figure (immigrants) which causes hate crimes, which they then can report on and create money from the headlines.

eva Beck

X There have always been risks with the media, this isn’t a post modernist view.

pm Katz and Lyng

Edgework → media making crimes seem more thrilling and doable.

eva Katz and Lyng

X highly theoretical

tnr Murray

The Underclass → says that the underclass are insufficiently socialised. Alienates them from society.

Says that because of welfare, there are more lone parent families who inadequately raise children. Underclass are prone to criminal tendencies, violence and educational failure.

eva Murray

X generalisation of single parent families

X Criticised for being socially sensitive

tnr Felson

Routine Activity Theory → 1. motivate offender

2. suitable target

3. absense of capable guardian.

   opportunities rise daily to commit crime.

eva Felson

X Ignores causes of crime like poverty

! reduce crime rates by adding more capable guardians.

tnr Clarke

Rational Choice Theory → Individuals have free will and if the rewards outweight the cost of the crime then they will do it.

Working class have less to lose so they are more likely to commit crime.

eva Clarke

! Increase the cost/punishment then the crime rate will go down

X doesnt explain violent crime well

tnr Wilson + Kelling

Broken Windows theory → If a place has visible signs of crime, it will encourage more serious crimes to take place.

eva Wilson and Kelling

Clean up the community areas to reduce the crime

X this just moves the crime elsewhere.

tnr Wilson and Hernstein

Bio-Social Theory → Criminal depends on how you were raised but also youre genetics. Men are more likely to be criminals because of their higher testosterone.

If they aren’t taught how to cntrol it then they will just commit crimes.

lr Lea + Young

Relative Deprivation → gao between the rich and poor has widened.

Consumerism culture encourages and causes marginalisation. → criminal subcultures.

eva Lea + Young

X Fail to explain why soe people do and don’t face deprivation

X Rely too much of subculture theories.

lr Matthews + Young

Community Intervention → Problems with social inequality. Improving leisure facilities for young people to decrease the social inequalities. They dont feel as alienated or left out.

Less inclined to commit crime and raises the living standards.

eva Matthews and Young

X Not a lot of evidence it decreases certain types of crime

! Crime in Dorchester went down 19% after skatepark

lr Kinsley, Lea, Young

Police Relation → The police need to be less militant and connect with the public more to build trust.

Most reported crime is from the public so.

eva Kinsley, Lea, Young

X Too soft on criminals

X focus on innercity crime

! Reality of street crime