Complete exam review

when describing a graph what should you include

direction(forward\= /, backwards\=) length(ex 20s) speed(moderate, fast, slow) when it changes direction(ex at 20s it changes direction)

what do the black arrows indicate?

the object has stopped since it is at 0 velocity

what do the green arrows indicate?

straight horizontal line means constant velocity

what do the red arrows indicate?

a straight sloping line means constant acceleration

Aristotle

believed in qualitative data, didn’t test his observations, and believed every object had a natural motion

Galileo

believed qualitative data, believed controlled experiments, tested Aristotle’s claims and they turned out false

Newton

invented the 3 laws of physic and the concept of force, his first law challenged airstoles idea of natural.

What's Newton's first law?

An object at rest will remain at rest unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Law of Inertia

Newton's first law

What's Newton's second law?

when an unbalanced force is exerted on an object the object accelerates in the direction of that force

Newton's Third Law

For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force called the reaction force

Law of Conservation of Energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another

what are the 3 types of friction?

static, sliding, rolling

the amount of friction depends on...

the amount of contact between the 2 surfaces type of 2 surfaces the amount of force between the 2 surfaces

how do you find electrons?

same number as protons(atomic number)

what charge do protrons have?

+

what charge do neutrons have

neutral

what charge do electrons have?

\-

what does amu stand for?

atomic mass unit

how do you find the number of neutrons

protons( atomic number) - atomic mass

how many electrons can each orbit handle?

orbit 1 (closest to the nucleus) can hold 2 max orbit 2 and the rest can hold 8 max

what are valence electrons?

the electron on the valence shell

what are the vertical row on a periodic table?

group/familes

how do you calculate how many valence electrons an atom has?

the group number is the number of valence electrons

what is the horizontal rows called?

periods

What are some properties of metals

solid at room temp high luster (shiny) high density

what are some properties in non metals?

low luster (dull) liquid at room temp low density

What is group 1 on the periodic table?

alkali

What is group 2 on the periodic table?

Alkaline earth

What is group 3 on the periodic table?

boron

What is group 4 on the periodic table?

carbon

What is group 5 on the periodic table?

pnictogens

What is group 6 on the periodic table?

chalcogens

What is group 7 on the periodic table?

halogen

What is group 8 on the periodic table?

Noble gases

what group has 1 valence electron and loses 1 valence electron

Alkali metals

what are the most reactive metals?

alkali

what metal is the 2nd most reactive?

alkaline earth metals

what group has 2 valence electrons and loses 2 electrons

alkaline earth metals

what is the most reactive nonmetal?

halogens

what non metal does NOT react?

noble gases

what make a ionic compound

metal and non metal

what makes a covalent/molecular compound?

non metal and non metal

true or false: write number before charge

true

how do you tell the difference between a multivalent compound and binary compound

binary is ionic compound multivalents are covalent

The law of conservation of mass

the mass is always the same no matter what change it undergoes

what the formula for synthesis

A+B\=AB

what is the formula for simple decomposition?

AB\= A+B

what is the formula for single replacement?

A+BC\=AC+B

what is the formula for double replacement

ab+cd\=ad+cb

if both compounds are a will a reaction occur?

no

how many ions will a strong electrolyte have

100%

how many ions will a weak electrolyte have

how many ions will a non- electrolyte have

0

what are some characteristics of acids

sour taste corrosive and caustic ph less than 7

what are some weak acids

citric acid carbonic acid acetic acid

what are some strong acids

hydraulic acid nitric acid sulfiric acid

what are some strong bases

soduim calcium

what are song weak bases

ammonia sodium bicarbonate

bases characteristics

bitter ph more then 7 caustic

the closer the ph to 14..

the more basic

the closer the ph to 0..

the more acidic

1ph actually means…

10x higher or lower

What are the 2 parts in an ecosystem?

Abiotic (physical things) and biotic the living things)

How much does CO2 make up the atmosphere by volume?

0.037%

Carbon is being constantly withdrawn from the air as CO2 to be used in \_____?

Photosynthesis

What are the 4 pool of carbon?

ocean (dissolved Co2) air (0.037%) Biota fossil fuel

where is carbon stored?

in beds of peat

what is the main reservoir for carbon?

Ocean (dissolved CO2)

Carbon exits in 2 types of matter:

inorganic and organic

what is organic matter?

substances that always contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon for example sugars

what is is organic matter?

substances that DO NOT contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon for example Water

how much nitrogen makes up the earth’s atmosphere?

78%

what is the main reservoir for carbon?

Air

how do animals obtain nitrogen ?

through the protein they consume

What are the 3 main procces of the nitrogen cycle?

nitrogen fixation ammonification nitrification

Nitrogen fixation happen via 3 methods:

Lightning industrial fixation bacteria

what’s Ammonification?

Wastes and when bacteria and fungi decompose after death ammonia is made

what’s Nitrification

ammonia is converted to nitrates by bacteria

what’s denitrification?

special bacteria break nitrates to nitrites and then to nitrogen gas

what 6 factors disrupt fossil fuel?

overuse of fertilizer or herbicides combustion of fossil fuel deforestation human and animal waste volcano activity fire

what does Overuse of fossil fuel or herbicides cause?

Causes excessive release of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

what does the Combustion of fossil fuels cause?

creates large amounts of organic nitrogen compounds

what does volcanic activity cause?

extensive damage to nearby eco systems

what does deforestation cause?

excess amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere

what does human and animal waste cause?

large amounts of organic nitrogen compounds

what does fire cause?

affecting cycling of all material by destroying biota

what are some examples of nonbiodegradable substances

DDT, mercury

how do you find density?

density\= total counted (population) / space

what is exponential growth

population doubles in every division and is constantly increasing

what is 1, 2, 3, 4?

lag phase log exponential phase stationary phase death phase

what does a s-shaped curve show?

the carrying capacity of the environment can be the introduction to an extra food source

what does a J-shaped curve show?

when a rapid population grows

what are some density independent factors?

The weather such as tornados

what are some density-dependent factors?

Food competition and crowding

what are the 4 factors that affect growth rate?

immigration, emigration, mortality, and natality

which one is an increasing population

1

which one is a decreasing population

2

which one is a steady population?

3

what is the pathway to extinction?

Special concern threatened endangered expiated extinct