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Song Dynasty (960-1279)
The Chinese dynasty rose to power after the Tang dynasty. There was a revival of Confucianism, which was called “neo-Confucianism.” There was also a revolution in agricultural and industrial production, which made China the richest and most populated empire of its times.
Hangzhou
Chinese capital during the Song dynasty, with a population at its height of more than a million people. It was known to be the most “finest and noblelist” city of its time.
Tribute System
A diplomatic and trade practice in which states acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emperor in exchange for protection and trade benefits.
Champa Rice
Originating from Vietnam, it was a quickmaking rice that could be harvested two to three times a year, significantly increasing agricultural production in China. It was also drought-resistant.
Foot Binding
The Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls/women feet to keep them small. This was prevalent during the Song Dynasty and later; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was associated with feminine beauty and social classes.
How was women treated during the song dynasty?
They were seen as weak/delicate
Had to follow the traditional ways of being a housewife and serving the men in the house
Their legal rights were taken away
Men were taking jobs that were prominently women like textile or silk production
Wasn’t able to remarry if she was divorced or was a widow
What were the influences that China had on Korea?
Due to the fact that Korea was under China because of the tribute system to ensure their kingdoms safety, China heavily influenced Korea like:
Using a similar writing system
Taking Confucianist Ideas: Sticking to respecting the elder and the ones above you
Taking away the rights of Women
Borrowed the civil service exam in order to have an efficient bureaucracy
What were the influences China had on Japan?
Because Japan wasn’t necessarily under the rule of China, they were very nit-picky on what they adopted from them like:
Similar Writing techniques
Civil Service exam to ensure an effective and efficient bureaucracy
Buddhism ideas
What were the influences that China had on Vietnam?
Though Vietnam took Chinese writing techniques, imperial bureaucracy, and buddhism ideas, they did not marginalize woman like China or Korea did. Woman was sued as religious leaders during the song dynasty.
Abbasid Caliphate
An arab dynasty of caliphs who governed much of islamic world from its capital in Baghdad beginning in 750 CE. After 900 CE, the empire started to fragment until it was overthrown by the mongols in 1258.
Jizya
Special tax paid by dhimmis (people who did not practice islam) in muslim-ruled territory’s in return to practice for the freedom to practice their own religion
Al-Andalus (Spain)
Was conquered by Arab forces in 711-718 CE. Muslim spain represented a point of encounter between the islamic world and christian Europe.
Trans-Saharan slave trade
A fairly small scale commerce of enslaved people that flourished through 1100-1400, exporting enslaved west Africans across the Sahara to Islamic north africa
West African civilizations
Series of important states that developed in that region stretching from the Atlantic coast - lake cned in 500-1600 CE. Developed in response to economic opportunities of trade. Includes: mali, Baru, Ghana, etc.
Swahili Civilizations
An east african civilization that emerged in 1800 CE as a set of commercial city states linked into the Indian Ocean trading network, combining African bantu/islamic cultural patterns. They accumulated goods form the interior/exchanged them for the products of other civilizations.
Timbuktu
A major commerce’s city of west african civilization and a needed center of islamic scholarship and education by the 16th century.
Byzantine empire
One of the main centers of christendom curing the medieval centuries. A continuation of therostam portion of the roman empire. It lasted 1000 years after the collapse of Roman rule in the west, until its conquest by muslim forces in 1453.
Kievan Rus
Emerged around the city of Kievan in the ninth century and adopted christiananity in the tenth, this limiting the emerging of russian states to the world of eastern orthodoxy.
Feudalism
Power is held by the landowning warrior elites. In this highly competitive system, lesser lords/knights were allegiance to greater lords/kings and thus became their vassels, frequently receiving lands/items in exchange for military service
Maya civilization
A major civilization of mesoamerica known for the most elaborate writing system, had lots of intellectuals and artistic achievements, which flourish form 250-900 CE.
Aztec civilization
major state that developed in what is new mexico in the 14-15 centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic mexico, who has migrated into the region of northern mexico. Had a decentralized power, where conquered states were set up as tributary states. People would have to pay in food, animals, money in order to live and human sacrifices was very popular.
Inca Empire
Western hemisphere, largest imperial state in the 15/16 century. Built by the real small quencha speaking people, stretched 2500 miles along the andes mountains and had 10 million subjects. There was a centralized power, with a massive bureaucracy and power called the Mira system.
Silk roads
Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of eurasia, they were named after the most famous product along these routes. Most of goods that went down these routes was luxury, due to the minimum space of cargo for land based trade.
dunhuang
A major commercial city on the silk road trading network and the center of buddhist learning/arr.
Chinggis khan
Brith name of the mongol leader, also known as the “universal leader,” a name he rehired after unifying the mongols. Had many military victories, invading china and claiming it for the Mongols.
Khubilali Khan
Grandson of chinggis khan who ruled china 1271-1294.
Black death
A massive pandemic that swept through eurasia in the early 1400s. It spread along the trade routes within the mongolian empire, reaching the middle east and western europe by 1347. It mainly carried by rodents which spread throughout the empire, causing great death.
Sead roads
The world largest sea based system ws communication/exchange before 1500 CE centered on India, it stretched from southern china to Eastern Africa. Goods from around the world were brought to the Indian Ocean, plus it was cheaper to transport big bulks of goods.
great Zimbabwe
A powerful state in South Africa interior that emerged by the growing trade in gold to the East African coast. Flourished with the trade of gold and the wealth of cattle.
Meleka
A muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between the Sumatra-Malay in 1503. It was a spring board for the spread of a synetric form of Islam throughout the region. It was a hotspot of thr indisn ocean trade and had multiple language spoken, where many merchants gathered.
Zheng he
Chinese admiral that conquered a huge fleet of ships in a serise of voyages in the Indian Ocean staring from 1405. intended to enroll different states in the Chinese tribute system, which ended in 1433.
Arabian camel
Introduced to North African Sahara, in the early centuries of commerce. This animal made the trans Saharan commerce possible by 300-400 CE. This animal could go on days without water.
House of wisdom
An academic center for research and translated many foreign texts, which was established in Baghdad by the Abbasid caliphate.
The crusades
War between religions
Ming dynasty
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 A.D., during which China's population would double. Known for its trade expansion to the outside world that established cultural ties with the West, the Ming Dynasty is also remembered for its drama, literature and world-renowned porcelain.
Ibn Battuta
Battuta contributed to the movement of Dar al Islam and preserved the influences that Islam had on the globe. His writings can be used as a window into the past for historians to see the world through his eyes as it was during this time period.
Effects of Mongol Empire
The foremost was what historians call the Pax Mongolica, a century of peace (circa 1280-1360) among neighboring peoples who were all under Mongol rule. This peace allowed for the reopening of the Silk Road trading routes between China and Europe, increasing cultural exchange and wealth all along the trade paths.
Indian Ocean trade network
The Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. Domestication of the camel helped bring coastal trade goods such as silk, porcelain, spices, incense, and ivory to inland empires, as well. Enslaved people were also traded.
Marco Polo
Marco Polo is known for traveling along the Silk Road to China, where he explored and documented much of Asia not yet explored by Europeans.
Caravanseral
An inn in some Eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans. significance: facilitated trade by making it easier.
Astrolabe
Measurement device to determine latitude; mix of Greek and Persian.
Diasporic merchant communities (where/impact)
In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities (Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia, Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean Basin, or along the silk roads)where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture.
Junk ships
ship design that is still in use today. Junks were used as seagoing vessels as early as the 2nd century AD and developed rapidly during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). They evolved in the later dynasties, and were used throughout Asia for extensive ocean voyages
monsoon winds
A seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia caused by the differences in temperatures between the rapidly heating and cooling landmasses of Africa and Asia.
Camel Saddles
An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route.
Caravans
A group of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels.
Gunpowder
From India, the gunpowder spread to the Middle East between 1240 and 1280. The movement of gunpowder into this part of the world was facilitated by the Mongol invasions of China, India, Persia, and Egypt.
Buddhisms influence in ASia
Buddhism exercised profound influence in shaping the various aspects of Indian society. The ethical code of Buddhism was also simpler based on charity, purity, self sacrifice, and truthfulness and control over passions. It laid great emphasis on love, equality and non violence.
Daoism
Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laoz;i taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns, emphasized harmony and was largely a spiritual alternative to Confucianism, which actually developed at the same time in the last centuries of the Zhou dynasty.
fital Piety
The important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family members.
Chinese civil service exam
A system of government in which tasks are assigned to people based on their "merits", which are determined through examinations. helped people use education. based on the talent people had.
Seljuk empire
Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader; they governed strictly
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Caste system
Rigid system of social classification introduced by Aryans. Significance- kept an ordered civilization because everyone has a specific function
Manorilalism
System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages. Involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.
Serfdom
The status of peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.
Catholic church in european socitey
Church leaders controlled almost all aspects of medieval life, and the Church served many functions that in today's society we would consider to be governmental functions, such as law making/enforcement, military leadership, and granting ownership of land.
Mughal empire
The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.
ottoman empire
he Ottomans were known for their achievements in art, science and medicine. Istanbul and other major cities throughout the empire were recognized as artistic hubs, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.
safavid empire
Safavid dynasty, (1501-1736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver Shiʿism as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country.
tokugawa Japan
Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments
sikhism
A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism. Founded by Guru Nanak.
Sunni vs Shia muslims
The sunni muslims that anybody could be a prophet of Muhammed, only of they were spirtually connected with him. The shia believed that prophets of Muhammed could only be direct descendants.
European divine right
Divine right of kings, in European history, a political doctrine in defense of monarchical absolutism, which asserted that kings derived their authority from God and could not therefore be held accountable for their actions by any earthly authority such as a parliament.
Millet system
The millet system was developed to protect the rights of tolerated clients within the Muslim community. The book (The administration of the non-Muslim subjects in the Ottoman state) discusses the status and the rights of non-Muslims under the Ottoman rule from Tanzimat to the Turkish republic
Taj mahal
Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mauntaz Mahal
Ming dynasty imperial potraits
During the Qing dynasty these ceremonies included the use of art. Imperial portraits of emperors adorned many of the palaces inside the Forbidden City and were an important part of funeral rituals when an emperor died. ... In the public sphere, imperial portraits were utilized to enhance the legitimacy of the emperor.
Akbar the great
Mughal emperor of India (1556-1605) who conquered most of northern India and exercised religious tolerance. Third king in the Mughal Dynasty. He used both diplomacy and power to expand his empire.
Protestant reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Martin luther
Martin Luther, a 16th-century monk and theologian, was one of the most significant figures in Christian history. His beliefs helped birth the Reformation—which would give rise to Protestantism as the third major force within Christendom, alongside Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
95 thesis
Written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.
magnetic compass
Invented during the Chinese Han Dynasty, it is a navigation instrument used for determining direction; allowing ships to travel without hugging shores.
astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets, also an early form of the sextant.
lateen sail
Triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind, increasing maneuverability and making early oceanic sailing possible.
Caravel
A light sailing ship of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries in Europe, much-used by the Spanish and Portuguese for long voyages. Apparently developed by the Portuguese for exploring the coast of Africa, the caravel chief excellence lay in its capacity for sailing to windward.
Christopher columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to India (1451-1506) Significances: His voyage established the existence of the New World across the Atlantic.
vasco de gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, Significance: Opened an important commercial sea route. And established Portugal in India.
Prince Henry the navigator
A central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.
trading post empire
Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.
columbian exchange on the new world
The Columbian Exchange caused population growth in Europe by bringing new crops from the Americas and started Europe's economic shift towards capitalism. Colonization disrupted ecosystems, bringing in new organisms like pigs, while completely eliminating others like beavers.
columbian exchange on the old world
The Columbian Exchange benefited Europe, too. Many American crops became part of the European diet. By mixing the products of two hemispheres, the Columbian Exchange brought the world closer together.
Mit’a system
Mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire.
encomienda system
An institution where recruitment of labor came through; it gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines/fields but also the responsibility of looking after their worker's health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity.
hacienda system
A system where state owners directly employed natives, who had low wages, high taxes, and large debt to landowners
trans-atlantic slave trade
The brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. It changed the economy, politics, and environment. It affected Africa, Europe, and America. It implies that slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.
potosi silver mines
The man-Eating mines of Potosí On the Bolivian Altiplano, at more than 4000 meters above sea level, lies South America's most elevated town. Potosí is a mining town famous for the incredible riches that have been cut out of the Cerro Rico Mountain ever since 1545, when the Spaniards began with large-scale excavation.
mercantilism
An economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries. ... Mercantilism was the prevalent economic system in the Western world from the 16th to the 18th century.
casta system
Strict social hierarchy structured on racial components, designed to ensure Spanish-European dominance in new Spain.
peninsulares
The highest class in the colonies of the Americas that were ruled by Spain, and had the political jobs, governmental and church jobs, this class had the most power and the most rights and freedom in the colonies.
mestizos
People in the new colonial societies in Mexico and Peru who were mixed-race of Spanish and Indian descent.
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