Anatomy chapter 9 muscular system

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

what is the skeletal muscle 

attaches to the Skelton

has cylindrical striated cells

multinucleate (many)

controlled voluntairly

what is the cardiac muscle 

occurs in the heart of wall 

has branching strains of striated cells

has one nucleate can be 2 (binucleate)

interculated disc

controlled involuntary

what is smooth muscle 

in walls of hallow organs 

non-striated cells 

uninucleate(one)

controlled involuntary

what does voluntary mean and Which muscle type is voluntary

 means move on purpose you control it

Skeletal muscle

what does involuntary mean and Which muscle types are involuntary

mean body moves it without you thinking 

Cardiac and smooth muscle

Which muscle type is multinucleate

Skeletal muscle

Which muscle types are uninucleate

Cardiac and smooth muscle

Which muscles are striated

which muscles are not striated 

Skeletal and cardiac-striated 

smooth muscle- unstriated 

Which muscle has intercalated discs

Cardiac muscle

What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue

Excitability contractility elasticity extensibility

What does excitability mean

Ability to respond to a nerve/stimulus causing electrical impulses to travel along muscle cells

What does contractility mean

Ability to generate strong pulling force while muscles cells shorten

What does elasticity mean

Ability to return to resting length after stretch(contraction)

What does extensibility mean

Ability to stretch without tearing

What are the main functions of skeletal muscle

Movement posture

support soft tissue

support heat

generation regulate openings stabilize

joint stabilization 

What is the order of muscle coverings from large to small

Epimysium perimysium endomysium

what is epimysium

shealth wrapped around a whole muscle

what is perimysium

shealth wrapped around a fascicle

what is the endomysium 

shealth around each muscle fibers (cell)

What is the order of muscle structure from largest to smallest

 whole Muscle

fascicle

fiber

myofibril

sarcomere

myofilament

Whole Muscle

The entire muscle (like biceps).

Fascicle

wrapped in perimsyum

bundle of muscle fibers.

what is Muscle Fiber/ myofiber / muscle cell

wrapped in endomysium

 cylindrical muscle cell

the sarcolemma is the cell membrane 

Myofibril

cylindrical structure long as the entire cell

consist of sarcomeres

responsible for the contracton of skeletal 

whats the Sarcomere

smallest functional unit of muscle

The unit that contracts (Z-line to Z-line)

what is Myofilament

Proteins actin and myosin that slide.

What is the sarcolemma 

plasma membrane of the the muscle fibers

What is the sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm(liquid) of the muscle fiber

What is a myofibril

Long rod inside a muscle cell made of repeating sarcomeres

consist of sarcomeres

responsible for the contracton of skeletal 

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do

Stores and releases calcium ions

What do T tubules do

Carry electrical impulses deep into the muscle fiber

What is a triad made of

Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule

What is the smallest contractile unit of muscle

Sarcomere

What are the bands in a sarcomere

A band thick plus thin I band thin only H zone thick only

During contraction what happens to the A band

It stays the same

During contraction what happens to the I band and H zone

They shorten

During contraction what happens to the Z lines

They move closer together

What proteins make up thin filaments

Actin tropomyosin troponin

What protein binds calcium

Troponin

What does tropomyosin do

Blocks actin binding sites when relaxed

What proteins make up thick filaments

Myosin

What are cross bridges

Connections between actin and myosin during contraction

What is titin

Elastic protein that helps the sarcomere return to normal

What starts the sliding filament theory

Calcium binds to troponin

What does ATP do in muscle contraction

Detaches myosin head from actin and re energizes it

What happens if no ATP is available

Rigor mortis

What are the steps of the sliding filament theory

Calcium binds troponin myosin binds actin power stroke ATP binds myosin detaches ATP hydrolyzed myosin resets

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine ACh

What enzyme breaks down ACh

Acetylcholinesterase AChE

What happens if AChE is blocked

Constant contraction no relaxation

What does Botox do

Blocks ACh release causes paralysis

What does Myasthenia Gravis do

Destroys ACh receptors weak muscle contractions

What triggers the release of calcium from the SR

Action potential traveling down T tubules

What is a motor unit

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

What is recruitment

Activating more motor units for stronger contractions

What is the all or none principle

Muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all

What are the 3 phases of a muscle twitch

Latent contraction relaxation

When is calcium released during a twitch

During the latent phase

What are the 3 ways muscles regenerate ATP

Creatine phosphate anaerobic glycolysis aerobic respiration

Which ATP source acts fastest

Creatine phosphate

Which ATP source produces the most ATP

Aerobic respiration

Which ATP source produces lactic acid

Anaerobic glycolysis

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

Slow oxidative fast oxidative fast glycolytic

What are slow oxidative fibers used for

Endurance posture resistance to fatigue

What are fast glycolytic fibers used for

Short powerful movements fatigue quickly

What are fast oxidative fibers used for

Moderate speed and endurance activities

What is muscle hypertrophy

Growth and increase of muscle fiber size

What is muscle atrophy

Decrease in muscle fiber size due to disuse

What is muscle tone

Slight constant tension in resting muscle

What causes rigor mortis

No ATP cross bridges remain locked

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle

Voluntary move on purpose involuntary automatic movement