AUBF LAB

Infectious agent

Most direct threat source?

Bacterial

Parasitic

Fungi

Viral infections

Possible injuries of biological hazard?

Infection control

All healthcare facilities have developed procedures to control and monitor infections occurring within their facilities

Infectious agent

Reservoir

Entry pathway

Means of Transmission

Exit pathway

Susceptible host

The chain of infection

Infectious agent

The pathogen itself?

Reservoir

Where the pathogen lives and multiplies

Susceptible host

Someone who is not immune

Direct contact

Airborne

Droplet

Vehicle

Vector

Means of transmission or MOT of pathogens

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

2 regulatory bodies that guides our practice to prevent transmission?

OSHA

Who set enforce safety standards?

CDC

Provides Guidelines and Recommendations for infection control

Patient Care Equipment

Hand hygiene

Linens

Environmental control

Gloves

Mask, eye protection, face shields

Gowns

Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette

Occupational health and bloodborne pathogen

Patient placement

What are the STANDARD PRECAUTIONS?

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Most visible aspect of standard precautions

Gloves

Mask

Gown

Eye protection

Hand hygiene

1st line of defense

Incineration

Completely destroys the waste by burning

Autoclaving

Uses high pressure steam to sterilize

Pick-up by certified hazardous waste company

For treatment offsite

Depends on the type of water

1:5 or 1:10 of sodium hypochlorite

Dilution ratio for urine placed in container?

Needle stick injury

The most efficient way to transmit disease like HIV and hepatitis

Chemical Hazards

Clinical laboratory uses a wide variety of chemicals that can be poisonous, carcinogenic, and corrosive

15 minutes

Chemical spills first aid is to flush the area with a large amount of water for how long?

Poisonous

Carcinogenic

Corrosive

Chemical labeling

Hazardous Material Classification

Time - minimize spent time near the source

Distance - maximize the distance from the source

Shielding - use appropriate barriers

Radioactive hazards degree of exposure is related to? And define each

Physical hazards

Simple but can lead to serious injury

Electrical hazards

Type of hazard that is Always present in the lab

Fire/explosive hazards

Type of hazard that is Constant threat due to flammable gases

Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute

Publishes national and international standard documents on a variety of laboratory testing procedures and policies for guidance on achieving better testing outcomes

Quality Assessment

Refers to the overall process of guaranteeing quality patient care and is regulated throughout the total testing system

Delta Checks

It is used to compare current results and previous results of patients

Quality System

Refers to all the laboratory’s policies, processes, procedures, and resources needed to achieve quality testing

Quality Control

A set of procedures and practices to monitor the testing process and verify the reliability, accuracy, and precision of the test

External QC

Used to verify accuracy and precision

Internal QC

Internal monitoring system or procedural control

Accuracy - ability to obtain the expected result

Precision - ability to obtain the same result of the same specimen

Difference between Accuracy and Precision

Kidney

What organ that forms urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma

170,000ml

What is the approximate volume of filtered plasma?

1200ml

Average daily urine output?

95% water

5% solute

Urine is composed of how many percent of water? And solute?

Creatinine, ammonium and uric acid - 0.2%

Dissolved salts and other ions - 2.8%

Urea - 2%

5% solute is composed of?

Urine volume

_____ depends on the amount of water that the kidneys secretes

1. Fluid intake

2. Fluid loss

3. Secretion of ADH

4. Excrete increase amounts of dissolved solids (glucose and salt)

Factors that influence urine volume

600-2000mL

Normal daily urine output is usually 1200-1500mL, what range is still considered normal?

Clean

Dry

Leak-proof containers

Specimen collection must be collected in a?

50mL

Recommended capacity of urine container is?

12mL

How many volume of urine specimen is needed for microscopic analysis, and repeat analysis?

Patients name

Age and sex

Date and time of collection

Labels for the urine specimen

Physician’s order/ request

Requisitions of urinalysis?

Random specimen

First morning specimen

24-Hour (or timer) specimen

Catheterized specimen

Midstream Clean-catch specimen

Suprapubic aspiration

Three-Glass collection

Pediatric specimen

Specimen preservation

Types of urine collection

Random specimen

This type of specimen is useful for routine screening

First morning specimen

This type of specimen Is the ideal type of screening specimen/ pregnancy test

Bacterial culture

Most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimens is ?

Midstream clean-catch specimen

This type of specimen is an alternative to the catheterized specimens

This type of specimen

This type of specimen is used for cytologic examination

10 times

Bacterial count for the 3rd specimen of Three-Glass collection

Refrigerator at 2degreeC to 8degreeC

24hours

Refrigerator temperature for preserving urine? And how many hours until culture

Bactericidal

Ideal preservative of urine